Exam III Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Where on the chromosome are genes placed?
A
at a specific Locus
2
Q
who are chromosomes inherited from?
A
parents
3
Q
combination of genes you inherit___ determine your physical traits___
A
Genotype; phenotype
4
Q
What is an Allele
A
a version of a gene
5
Q
The particular set of alleles that an individual carries is the individuals ___
A
genotype
6
Q
An individual with two identical alleles of a gene is ____ for that gene
A
homozygous
7
Q
an individual with non-identical alleles of a gene is ____for that gene
A
heterozygous
8
Q
An individuals genotype determines its ____
A
phenotype
9
Q
An allele is generated by__
A
mutation (a change in the DNA sequence)
10
Q
Capital letters are __
A
Dominant
11
Q
Lowercase letters are___
A
recessive
12
Q
PP- what is its name
A
Homozygous dominant
13
Q
pp -
A
homozygous recessive
14
Q
Pp
A
heterozygous
15
Q
What are punnet squares used for?
A
to calculate probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
16
Q
based on genotypes of parents and possible ___ they produce during___
A
gametes; meiosis
17
Q
what is Meiosis?
A
production of sperm and egg cells
18
Q
Where does meiosis occur in males?
A
Testes
19
Q
results of meiosis in males
A
is 4 haploid gametes
20
Q
where does meiosis happen in females?
A
ovaries
21
Q
why are gametes haploid?
A
one copy of each chromosomes
22
Q
when two gametes are put together a __ is formed
A
zygote
23
Q
what is true breeding?
A
homozygous individuals (PP or pp)
24
Q
monohybrid cross
A
allows us to determine dominate relationship between two alleles for a dingle trait.
25
dihybrid cross
allows you to track inheritence of alleles for two diff genes on different chromosome
26
Complete dominance;
one trait (dominant) completely masks the other (recessive) Pp will still be purple
27
Incomplete dominance
one allele is not fully dominant over the other: heterozygous is blend of two alleles
28
Example of ID
RR: Red
Rr: Pinkn
rr:white
29
Codominance
Two different alleles of a gene are both fully expressed in heterozygous. NEITHER dominant or recessive
30
Human blood type Possible genotypes for A
IA-IA; IA-i
31
Human blood type Possible genotypes for B
IB-IB; IB-i
32
Human blood type Possible genotypes for O
ii
33
Complete variation in trait
many traits are not determined by a single gene and exists as a range of phenotypes (skin color, height)
34
The more factors than influence a trait the more __
continious the distribution of phenotype
35
what does a pedigree do?
shows inheritance of a trait/disease in a fam
36
Genetic abnormalitiy
uncommon version trait that is not inherently life-threading (polydactly)
37
Genetic disorder
causes medical problems that may be severe (cystic fibrosis)
38
Structure of chromosome can be ___ and___
change; passed down to offspring
39
Structural changes include (4)
-duplications
-deletions
-inversions
-translocation
40
duplication
section of chromo gets repeated
41
deletion
section o chromo gets lost
42
inversion
section of chromo gets flipped so it runs in the opposite oritentation
43
translocation
piece of broken chromo gets reattached in wrong place
44
error during meiosis results in ___
absence/copy of extra chromo
45
Polyploidy?
having 3 or more SETS OF chromo
46
Aneuploidy?
having incorrect #of chromo
47
Aneuploidy types in humans?_
trisomy; monosomy
48
what is Aneuploidy caused by?
an error in meiosis called a nondisjunction
49
nondisjunction
chromosomes fail to separate properly
results: having 2 of same chromo or lack of 1 chromo in gametes
50
phloygentic tree of life 3
acteria, archaea, eucarya)
51
what can polygenic tree tell us 3
closeness of rs with other organisms
relative ages
common ancestry
52
Comparative morphology
study of anatomical patterns
similarities and differences among body plans
53
fossils
physical evidence of an organism that lived in ancient pat
54
Adaptive triat
Heritable trait that enhances an individual’s fitness, or suitability to the environment
55
what is natural selection?
over time, individuals with adaptive traits tend to survive longer/reprodice more than less fit rivals
56
so how does evolution happen?
an allele associated with an adaptive trait tends to become more common in a population over time
57
what do fossils consist of?
mineralized bones teeth sheets sets or totter hard body parts
58
where is the oldest/newsest fossils found
oldest: bottom
newest: top
59
how old is earth
4.6 billion years
60
where is the most complex/simplest fossils found?
complex: top
simple: bottom
61
trace fossils
footprints. trials, egg shells
62
fozzilation process 5
organism covered by sediment, mud, or ash
ground water fills paces in remains
minerals dissolved in water replaces minerals in bones
sediments accumale, extorting prtesure
that pressure transforms mineralized remains into rock
63
reasons why fossils are rare
it could be eagen
made of soft parts that decomped
64
age of the oldest cell, what is it
3.8 billion years
prokaryotic
65
chalres Darwin contribution to BIO
collected thousands of species in his voyage and realize that their are different types of the same species across globe.
66
Alfred Wallace contrinutoion to BIO
confirmed Charles Darwin work because he did the same things but darwin published his work first.
67
who is natural selection theory credited to?
Darwin and Wallace.
68
what did Gregor mendel contribute to BIO
discovered that pea plants are inherited in predictable patterns and that they are passed through genes
69
Carbon Dating?
gives a more precise age of fossile
70
Endosymbiont hypothesis
mitochondria and clorolplast evolved from aerobic, and photosynethic bacteria
71
If individuals aren't the ones evolving what is
populations
72
population
group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in a specified area
73
what are the three mutation types
neutral, Lethal, beneficial
74
neutral
mutation with no effect on survival or reproduction
75
lethal
results in death
76
beneficial
bestows an advantage toward survival/reproduction
77
Gene pool?
all of genes in pop taken together
78
allele frequency
how common allele is
79
microevolution
change in allele frequency in gene pool of population
80
reproduction isolation: speciation
evolutionary process in which. new species forn
81
how does speciation form
when population do not interbreed
82
what happens when populations do not interbreed 2
number of genetic difference increases
overtime become so different we call them diff species
83
allopatric speciation (2)
physical separation
geographic barries
shrimp (Atlantic, Pacific) island of pathos showers and separated them
84
physical separation
reproductive isolating mechanisms evolve that prevent interbreeding even if populations meet again
85
geographic barriers
influenced by how species travel and how it reproduces
can be man made(wall of china) or geology (tectonic plates)
86
phylogeny
evolutionary history of a species or group of species (physical)
87
what are the four ways we use to determine evolutionary history of species?
1. homologous structures
2. genome sequnce
3. protein sequences
4. patterns of development
88
homologous structures
body parts that seem the same but functions are different
89
morphologic divergence
evolutionary pattern that changes body form from common ancestor
90
Genome sequence
DNA sequence brtw organisms line up AGCT and see how similar they are
91
Protein sequence
line up amino acids and see how closely they are
92
Patterns of development
animals have similar patterns of embryonic development
93
what are the three domains? (classification of life)
Bacteria, archae, eukaraya
94
what are the 6 kingdoms?
bacteria
archaea
animals
plants
fungi
protists
95
what is Carolus Linnaeus known for?
father of taxonomy-classification
96
what is the Linnaean classification?
system of classifying and naming organisms
97
Linnaean classification order
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
98
Kingdom?
animals - organisms able to move on own
99
Phylum
Chordates - animals with a backbone
100
Class
Mammals- chordates with fur/hair and milks glandns
101
Order-
primates - mamalı with collar bones and grasping fingers
102
family
Hominids - Primates with salt face 3D vision
103
genus
Homo -hominids with upright posture large brains
104
Species
Member of genus homo with high forehead, thick skull bones
105
Which is the most inclusive?
Kingdom
106
which is the least inclusive?
homo sapiens
107
which kingdom are single, multi, Both cellular
Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) : unicellular
Eukaryotes (plantae, Animalia, Fungi): multicellular
Eukaryotes (protists) both
108
What about Virus, what do they belong in?
they are not alive so they do not get included in any domain
109
what is the virus structure?
includes genome (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protective coat called Caspid
110
can viruses evolve? why or why not
Yes because they have a genome that can mutate
111
virus definition?
non-celluar, infectious particle that replicate only in a living cell (ITS HOST)
112
Lineages of prokaryotes 2
Bacteria
Archaea
113
What are some common traits of bacteria and archaea 5
-unicellualr (no nucleus)
-3 shapes: rod, sphere, spiral
-semirigid cell wall around membrane
-reproduce by binary fission
-anaerobic
114
Bacteria and archaea are ____ from an evolutionary perspective
highly successful
115
what are the 4 types of energy/ carbon source?
Energy source: Light chemicals
Carbon source: atmospheric, organic source(glucose)
116
what are the 4 types of energy/ carbon source NAMES
Photoautorphots (Bacteria, archaea protist, plants) (light atmospheric)
Photoheterotrophs (bacteria, archaea) (light, organic)
Chemoautotrophs (bacteria, archaea) (chemical, atmospheric)
Chemoheterotrophs) (bacteria, archae, fungi, animals, protists) (chemical organic)
117
How archae is different from bacteria?
- archae survive in hostile envio(high temps, high salty water)
-BACTERIA cell wall made of peptidoglycan. archae made of other
-archae organize DNA AROUND histone proteins bacteria don't
118
what is the most simplest euakrotyes?
protists
119
Protists are___
Eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals
120
Protists _____
Play important ecological roles as producers or predators of microorganisms
121
Protists include a collection of
lineages
