Exam I Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Scientific Method (6)
A
- observations
- Dvp Hypo
- Experimentation (test hypo)
- collect and analyze test results not prove, support
- form a conclusion (do results support hypo)
- report results to scientific community (peer review and publication
2
Q
what is a hypo (3)
A
testable explanation for natural phenomenon (if, then) statements
-test only one hypo at a time
3
Q
two types of group
A
experiment: receives olestra
control: receives regular chips
4
Q
Scientific theory (3)
A
-never has been disproven
-hypo that withstood years of test
-consistent with all data gathered
ex: evolution
5
Q
what must living things be able to do. (3)
A
-requiereis on going input of energy and raw materials
-sense and respond to change
-pass DNA to offspring (repro)
6
Q
how do we organize living organisms
A
most broadly:
3 domains (bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
More distinction:
6 kingdoms: (bacteria, archaea, protists, plants, Fungi, animals - (domain Euakrya gets sep into 4 king)
7
Q
IV
DV
A
IV: factor being manipulated
DV: results, measured
8
Q
diff btw hypo and theory
A
theory has been tested may times and has always been supported but Hypo has only been tested once
9
Q
Atoms make up___
A
all matter (gas, liquid, takes up space)
10
Q
what subatomic particles are atoms made of and their charge(3)
A
protons +
neutrons = neutral
electrons -
11
Q
where are the subatomic particicles located
A
protons = inside nucleus
neutrons = inside nucleus
electrons = outside atoms (constantly moving, source of energy)
12
Q
(def) Elements
A
pure substance that consists only of atoms with same number of atomic #
13
Q
(def) Atomic #
A
number of protons in nucleus which determines type of atom or element
14
Q
(def) Mass#
A
sum of protons and neutrons
15
Q
(def) atomic mass
A
mass of an atom (weight) made up of protons and neutrons
ex: 6 protons + 6 neutrons = 12.001
16
Q
what is the atomic # made of
A
protons
17
Q
what is atomic mass made up of?
A
protons and neutrons
18
Q
(def) Isotopes
A
versions of a element that has diff # of neutrons in nucleus of atoms.
19
Q
T/F #of protons always stay the same
A
true
20
Q
example of isotope C12
A
carbon usually has 6 protons+ 6 Neutrons = 12 mass
an Isotope has 6 protons + 8 neutrons =14 C14
21
Q
T/F electrons has a smaller mass than protons or neutrons
A
true
22
Q
how are electrons arranged and where
A
in energy level around the nucleus
23
Q
electrons are able to___
A
gain and emit energy which is why they stick together and by its self can act as battery
24
Q
Behavior of electrons is responsible for ___
A
chemical bonding
25
Shell model : how many electrons can each shell contain
1st: it can hold up to 2 electrons
2nd: 8 electrons
3rd: 8 electrons
26
when are atoms most happiest and stable
when atoms shells are completely full or empty
27
what happens when atoms shells are not full
they become highly reactive (bonds) and unstable
28
explain Ion through the hydrogen element
when hydrogen only has one proton it is unhappy and unstable so it kicks the electron out
29
what Is a chemical bond
when 2 atoms interact
30
what do chemical bonds hold together (2)
molecules and compounds
31
(def) molecule
formed when atoms interact
32
(def) compound
molecule consisting of 2/more elements : CH4
33
what are the 3 types of bonds and label it strongest to weakest
Covalent :strongest
ionic : strong but not as much as covalent
hydrogen:weak
34
(def) covalent bond
when atoms share PAIRS of electrons
35
ionic bonds
when atoms are held together by attraction of opp charged ions
36
Hydrogen Bonds
slight + charge covalently bonded H atoms attract more - atoms from another compound/molecule
37
how are ions formed
by gaining or losing electrons
38
the more electrons it loose the more
protons meaning more +
39
Individual water molecules are held together via ____
Hbonds
40
a H bond is an attraction between a H atom and___
and another atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond
41
Water is an excellent__
solvent
42
other substances dissolve in it to make___
solutions
43
Solution:
uniform mixture of solutes(whatever is dissolved in solution) dissolved in a solvent(liquid portion of solution always water)
44
Amount of solute dissolved in a given fluid is the
concentration of the solution (g/ml)
45
What kind of molecules dissolve in Water (2)
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
46
hydrophilic
waterloving - substances readily dissolved in water (salts, sugar)
47
hydrophobic
water fearing - substances don't interact with water
oil, lipids
48
pH:
measuring acidity of solutions
49
it also a measure of the # of ___
H+ ions on an aqueous solution on a scale from 0-14
50
Acids have a pH of__
<7
51
Bases have pH
>7 (lemon juice, vinegar, cola)
52
lower the pH the higher__
the concentration of of H+ ions
53
which one accepts and gives up H+ (acids/bases)
acids: give up
bases: accept
54
organic compound contain __
carbon
55
carbon forms ___and structures like___
covalent bonds; rings and chains
56
Many organic molecules are __
polymers
57
Polymers:
Large molecules resembling chains of repeating subunits
58
examples of Polymers 4
-carbohydrates
-some lipids
-proteins
-Nucleic acids
59
Polymer: Carbohydrate examples 3
cellulose
starch
glycogen
60
Organic molecules: monomer
small organic molecules that when linked together form polymers
61
carbohydrates polymers are called,___and monomers are called ___
polysachharides; monosaccharides
62
carbohydrate sacharides: 3
mono: 1 sugar unit (glucose)
dis: 2 sugar units
poly: 100s of sugar units
63
LOOK AT TABLE CHART
MEMORIZE
64
Polymer - Lipids Def, EX
include all fats oils and waxy molecules
fats, phospholipids, steroids
65
all. lips are__
hydrophobic
66
most lipids are compromised of __
fatty acids
67
fatty acid
long hydrophobic carbon tail with hydrophilic head.
68
LOOK AT LIPIDS CHART
memorize
69
A protein polymer is called a ____
polypeptide (long protein chain)
70
protein polymers are made of ___
amino acids
71
what is the general structure of a protein (3)
-ammine group
carboxyl
r group
72
how do individual acids differ?
different r
73
how many amino acids are there
20
74
what is the 1st amino acid of all protein
methionine
75
what are the 4 levels of protein structure
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
76
Primary
linear sequence of amino acids
77
secondary
chain of amino acids are folding coils or sheets
78
tertiary
twist start to form even more forming into a 3D shape and protein can now do something
79
quaternary
more than 1 2D subunits can get stuck to together.
80
do all proteins require quartenaty structure
no
81
what are potential consequences of a protein that is not folded into a correct shape
cannot do its job and some die.
82
monomers of nucleic acids are called
nucleotides
83
What are the 3 components that make up the monomers
1. monosaccharide (sugar)
2. nitrogen contains ase (bases)
3. phosphate group
84
what are the 2 examples of nucleic acids
-DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acids
-RNA -ribonucleic acids
85
DNA (3 components)
sugar: deoxyribose
bases: ATCG
Phospate group
86
DNA general structure
double helix
87
DNA function
contains inherited info that directs cellular processes coded into the order of nucleotide bases (contains instructions for making protein)
88
RNA 3 components
sugar: ribose
bases: AUCG
phosphate
89
RNA structure
1 chain
90
RNA function
carries instruction from nucleus to cytoplasm where protein is made
91
which DNA bases are complementary to each other
A-T
G-C
92
every living organism consist of ___
1more cells
93
what are three things all cells must have
-plasma mem
-cytop
-dna
94
identify cell whether it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic:
bacteria, plant cell, animal
Bac- prok
plant-eukary
animal-euakry
95
Main difference btw eukaryotic and prokaryotic(3)
PROK:
-No organelles
-no nucleus
EUK:
- membrane-bound organelles
- nucleus
-larger
96
Structures of prokaryotes: 5
cell wall
flagellum
pili
ribosomes
nucleioid
97
Structures of prokaryotes: Cell wall
(made of and Where is found func)
made of peptidoglycan coated with a sticky capsule
func: provide rigid and strength
98
Structures of prokaryotes: Flagellum (func)
for motion
99
Structures of prokaryotes: Pili
helps move across surfaces
100
Structures of prokaryotes: Ribosomes
makes protein
101
Structures of prokaryotes: Nucleoid
contain single large circular DNA molecules
102
Differences between Eukaryotic: Plant and animal 4
Plants have: Plasmodesma, cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole
Animals dont
103
Nucleus components: (2)
Nuclear envelope: made of phospholipid bilayer that controls what goes in and out of nucleous
Nucleolus: Where protein is made dense region
104
Endomembrane system: 4; purpose
rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi body
vesicle
series of interacting organelles btw nucleus and plasma membrane
105
rough er: function structure; what is made of?
takes proteins travels through branches and get folded to the correct shape made of phospholipid bilayer
106
Smooth er: function and structures
same as rough but no ribosomes makes lipids, carbohydrate/lipd breakdown, detoxification
107
Golgi body, Func; what is made of?
sorts and packages finished protein/lipid products to correct place in cell made of P.B
108
vesicles
carry cargo to correct location made of P.B.
109
what re the 2 specialized vesicles
peroxisomes
lysosomes
110
peroxisomes
contain enzymes that destroy toxins
111
lysosomes:
contain enzymes that dige st waste materials
112
lysosomes:
contain enzymes that digest waste materials
113
Vacuoles: where, function
Storage container for food in plant cells
114
Mitochondrion: where, func, structures
makes ATP (cellular fuel) made of TWO p.b.
in al eukaryotic cells
115
Chloralplasts: where, structure, function
photosynthesis: 2 outer membranes, plant cells
116
Cytoskeleton
reinforce, organize, and move cell structures, or even whole cell
117
3 components of cytoskeleton
-mircrotubules
-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments
118
Microtubules (the interstate): what does it look like? what is made of? what is its function
-long hollow cylinders made of tubulin
-form scaffolding used to move items in cell
119
Microfilaments: narrow side streets (2)
what is it made of? what does it do?
-consist mainly of the protein actin and made of tubilin
-gives shape and movement inside cell
-makes up the cell cortex
120
Intermediate filaments
maintain cell and tissue structure
-moves whole cell
121
what are cilia and flagella formed from:
microtubules
122
Cilia: what does it look like? what does it do? where is. found?
short, hairlike structures, that move in waves
pushes things out
-only in eukaryotes
123
flagella
long whiplike structures
-motion found in all cells
124
Plasma membrane is made of ___
P.B.
125
Fluid Mosaic Model
p.B fluid mix of phospholipids, proteins, steroids,
126
pm is selectively ____
permeable (lets things go through)
127
what is the function of the PM
provides cell with nutrients maintains volume and PH, removes waste
128
what molecules can cross the PM
-small hydrophobic molecules
-gases
-water
129
what can't pass through the PM
-glucose and other polar molecules; ions
-hydrophilic
130
passive transport
Does not require energy. Molecules move down concentration gradient (equal concentration)
131
what are the 3 passive transport
diffusion and osmosis, faciliatated transport
132
difusion
net movement of solute molecules down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration)
133
what is the rate affected by?
size of solute molecule and steepness of concentration gradient
134
osmosis
Movement of water down its concentration gradient
135
Tonicity
Concentrations of solutes on each side of a membrane can differ, causing H2O to move into or out of the cell
136
three possibilities
isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
137
isotonic
same solute concentration (look at pics)
138
hhypotonic
solution with a lower solute (move inside cell, cell may burst)
139
hypertonic
Hypertonic: solution with a higher solute concentration move outside (cells might shrivel
140
Glucose transport: why can't glucose go through the PM if it is small
because it is hydrophilic
141
What is facilitated diffusion
it uses a transport protein to make a path for glucose to go through PM
142
How do solutes move in Active transport
from low to high concentration
goes again the concentration gradient
143
in active transport molecule go from where the is ____to ___of. them
fewer of them to where there is more of them.
144
does active transport require energy?
YES (ATP)
145
What does it use to control the direction of where the molecules and moving.
pump
146
what is membrane trafficking?
active transport of very large molecules using membrane vesicles
147
what kind of energy does membrane trafficking use?
not a pump but ATP
148
what are the two types of Membrane Trafficking
exocytosis
endocytosis
149
exotocysis
moving things out of the PM
150
endocytosis
molecules are brought into the cell.
