exam 5 part 2 Flashcards
(30 cards)
barrett esophagus
long term acid reflux damages esophageal lining (and causes dysplasia) and increases risk of developing adenocarcinoma (cancer)
gerd treatment
antacids, H2-receptor antagonists (blocks histamine which stimulates release of gastric juice), proton pump inhibitors (block release of hydrochloric acid)
coffee grounds vomitus
caused by the partial digestion of blood protein by the stomach (hematemesis)/intestines
yellow vomitus
bile from the duodenum
deep brown vomitus
indicates contents from the lower intestine which is seen in patients with intestinal obstruction (ileum and large intestine)
Frank blood in vomit
Visible blood in the vomit - issues with esophagus
frequent vomiting after a meal
indicates a problem with gastric emptying (pyloric sphincter not opening or obstructed)
Frank blood in stool
appears red because it has not been digested and usually results from lesions in the rectum or anal canal
melena
dark stool resulting from bleeding that occurs higher in the intestinal tract and the blood has been digested
- Tarry - bleeding in ascending transverse or descending colon
occult blood
hidden blood that is not visible to the eye but can be detected upon testing the stool
dumping syndrome
May result from gastric resection in which the pyloric sphincter has been removed. Large amounts of food enters the small intestine at one time -> dumping into the SI
s/s dumping syndrome
cramps, nausea, diarrhea, hypovolemia, hyperglycemia followed by hypoglycemia (s/s of hypovolemia, hypoglycemia)
Why do people with dumping syndrome develop hyperglycemia followed by hypoglycemia
rapid delivery of nutrients to the small intestine triggers a rise in blood glucose, followed by overproduction of insulin
Mechanical obstruction
- Intestinal Hernias — portions of intestine that protrude into another part of your body
- Tumors in the small or large intestine
- Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn’s disease
- Twisting of the intestine (volvulus)
- Telescoping of the intestine (intussusception)
Mechanical obstruction bowel sounds
results in high-pitched peristalsis (Longer the obstruction - less likely to hear high pitched bowel sound)
Paralytic obstruction
- malfunction of nerves and muscle
- electrolyte imbalances
- gastroenteritis
- Appendicitis
- pancreatitis
- surgical complications
- Certain drugs and medications
Paralytic obstruction bowel sounds
bowel sounds are inaudible (silent abdomen).
liver role in digestion
produces bile and filters toxins from the blood
- Bilirubin excretion
- Drug and hormone metabolism (makes water-soluble forms)
cirrhosis
represents the end stage of chronic liver disease -> normal liver cells replaced by fibrous tissue
- Alcohol
- Hepatitis
- Non-alcohol liver disease
cirrhosis pathophysiology
liver has diffuse fibrosis and loss of lobular organization. Fibrosis results in decreased blood and bile flow. It is a progressive disease that results in liver failure
cirrhosis s/s
Development of ascites - decreased plasma proteins and portal hypertension causes leakage from vessels into abdominal cavity
Weight loss
Weakness
bleeding
jaundice
Excess unconjugated bilirubin in blood -> bilirubinemia
prehepatic jaundice
excessive destruction of RBC (seen 2-3 days after birth and in people with hemolytic anemia
(not livers fault)
intrahepatic jaundice
patients with liver disease (livers fault)
