exam 5 part 3 Flashcards
(32 cards)
4 liver specific enzymes released on liver cell death (often elevated from hepatitis or liver disease)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamyltransferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
(also bilirubin)
What happens to plasma proteins in a patient in liver failure
decreased plasma proteins: clotting defect
acute pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas due to autodigestion caused by premature activation of pancreatic enzymes -> triggered by activation of trypsin. Products released by necrotic cells leads to widespread inflammation of the peritoneal membranes
causes acute pancreatitis
gall stones, alcohol abuse
Elevation in what enzymes are indicative of pancreatitis
amylase, lipase
Chronic Pancreatitis
alcohol abuse
- Often have:
Digestive problems because of inability to deliver enzymes to the duodenum
Glucose control problems because of damage to the islets of Langerhans
Signs of biliary obstruction because of underlying bile tract disorders or duct compression by tumors
Why does a patient with chronic pancreatitis develop type I diabetes
damage to islets of langerhans (insulin producing cells)
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneal membranes
- chemical irritation or bacterial infection of the peritoneal cavity
Chemical irritation (peritonitis)
ruptured gall bladder/spleen
Bacterial peritonitis
caused by perforation in intestines
peritonitis s/s
Muscles of the abdominal wall tighten to protect the inflamed bowel.
- Board-like abdomen
Pain and sympathetic nervous stimulation cause the bowel to freeze in position.
- Reflex paralysis or paralytic ileus
Diaphragm and accessory breathing muscle movements decrease.
- Shallow breathing
primary endocrine disorder
abnormality in the hypothalamus
secondary endocrine disorder
abnormality the anterior pituitary
tertiary endocrine disorder
abnormality in the peripheral gland
cause of endocrine disorders
adenomas (benign tumors): may be secretory or destructive most common cause of endocrine abnormalities
congenital defects
Hyperplasia/atrophy
infection
abnormal immune response
vascular problems
gigantism
BEFORE PUBERTY (GH excess)
- Secretion by adenomas
- Before fusion of epiphyses
- Excessive skeletal growth
acromegaly
After fusion of epiphysis (GH EXCESS)
Exaggerated growth of the ends of extremities
adenomas
Hypothyroidism
not enough thyroid hormone is produced: (primary) thyroidectomy or damage to gland via radiation, certain drugs like lithium or anti-thyroid drugs, autoimmune response
s/s hypothyroidism
Slow metabolism
Weight gain with loss of appitite
Cold intolerant
bradycardia
Muscle weakness
Lethargy
most common cause of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto thyroiditis: autoimmune disorder
treatment hypothyroidism
hormone replacement therapy
hyperthyroidism s/s
hypermetabolism
Weight loss
Heat intolerant
tachycardia
exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
hyperthyroidism treatment
- 5 Bs
- Glucose → due to hypermetabolic state
- Electrolytes → due to hypermetabolic state
5 Bs of thyroid treatment (for thyroid storm)
- Block synthesis (i.e.antithyroid drugs)
- Block release (i.e. iodides)
- Block T4 into T3 conversion
- Beta-blocker
- Block enterohepatic circulation
