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Biology 157 (MCC) > Exam Four > Flashcards

Exam Four Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

The smallest unit of life

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2
Q

What are the properties of life?

A

Metabolism
Homeostasis
Growth
Reproduction

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3
Q

What four things do all cells have?

A

Plasma Membrane
DNA
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

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4
Q

How are Prokaryotic cells structured?

A

Simple and Small

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5
Q

How are Eukaryotic cells structured?

A

Large and Complex

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6
Q

What type of organisms are in Prokaryotic cells found in?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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7
Q

What type of organisms are in Eukaryotic cells found in?

A

Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists

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8
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

No, they have a nucleoid and no true organelles

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9
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

Yes, they have a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles

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10
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

control the cell’s activities and is responsible for inheritance

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11
Q

Define chromatin

A

makes up the cell’s chromosomes

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12
Q

Where is DNA copied?

A

In the nucleus prior to cell division

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13
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope

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14
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus

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15
Q

What is the nuclear envelope connected to?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Define nucleolus

A

involved in the production of ribosomal DNA

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17
Q

Define Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

An extensive network of channels connected to the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, and certain organelles

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18
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

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19
Q

Define Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Contains ribosomes that guide the production of cell products

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20
Q

Define Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Lacks Ribosomes

Is involved in the production of phospholipids and detoxification

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21
Q

Define Ribosomes

A

involved in the cell’s protein synthesis

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22
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

in the nucleus

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23
Q

Define Golgi complex

A

Consists of a series of interconnected, flattened membranous sacs

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24
Q

Define Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes that break down macromolecules, old organelles, and invaders

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25
Define Vacuoles
membranous sacs that isolate and dispose of waste, debris, or toxic materials
26
What are some functions of vacuoles?
1. keep plants firm 2. pigment vacuoles provide color to flower 3. contractile vacuoles in some protists expel water from the cell
27
Define mitochondria
provide the cell with energy through the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP
28
What happens in the mitochondria?
Cellular respiration
29
Define mitochondria
contains inner foldings that provide increased membrane surface for cellular respiration
30
Define chloroplasts
The photosynthesizing organelles of plants
31
What do Chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common?
1. DNA | 2. Ribosomes
32
Define endosymbiosis
Proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living with larger cells
33
Define Plasmodesmata
junctions that serve in communication between cells
34
Define Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
holds cells together and protects the plasma membrane
35
Define integrins
connecting proteins that bind to membrane proteins
36
Define cytoplasm
Provides shape and support for the cell
37
Define microtubules
transport molecules around the cell
38
Define Microfilaments
Function as muscle contraction
39
Define Intermediate Filaments
diverse groups of ropelike fibers that maintain cell shape and anchor organelles
40
What is the function of microfilaments?
Function in muscle contraction
41
Who invented the light microscope?
Leeuwenhoek
42
What is cell theory?
All living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells
43
What did Leeuwenhoek look at in the microscope?
Corks
44
What is protein synthesis?
DNA in the nucleus transcribes DNA into mRNA
45
What is the function of the Golgi Complex?
Golgi modifies and packages proteins for export out of the cell.
46
What is the function of the lysosomes?
Breaks down and recycles worn-out cycles
47
What is the function of the cell wall?
Protect and support the cell
48
What are the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, Intermediate filaments, Microfilaments
49
What is another name for the cell membrane?
Plasma Membrane
50
What does the cell membrane do?
Controls the movement of molecules into and out of the cell
51
What does selectively permeable mean?
Only letting certain molecules pass through the membrane
52
What two things do cell membranes contain?
Proteins and lipids
53
Which way do the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends face?
Hydrophilic heads face outward | Hydrophobic tails face inward
54
What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
Proteins are interspersed among the lipid molecules like titles in a MOSAIC. Many proteins are able to move sideways through the bilayer to come degree, giving the membrane its FLUID quality
55
What are some functions of the Plasma membrane?
Structure Regulates movement in and out of cells Communication between cells
56
What type of molecules can pass easily through membranes?
Nonpolar molecules
57
What types of molecules can not pass easily through membranes
Polar molecules
58
Define Passive Transport
Movement across the membrane that doesn't require energy
59
What are the three types of Passive Transport?
Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis
60
What is Active Transport?
Movement across the membrane that requires energy
61
Define Diffusion
Particles spread out evenly in an available space
62
In diffusion which way do particles move?
From a higher concentration to a lower concentration
63
Does diffusion require energy?
No, because it moves down the concentration gradient
64
Define Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
65
Which way does water move with the concentration gradient?
It moves down the concentration gradient from a concentration high to low
66
Define Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion of solutes across the plasma membrane with the help of specific transport proteins
67
Does Facilitates Diffusion require energy?
No, because it moves from high to low concentration
68
What is facilitates diffusion similar to?
Enzymes
69
Define Active Transport
Cells have a mechanism for moving a solute against its concentration gradient
70
Does Active Transport require energy?
Yes, because its moves from low concentration to high
71
How do cells move large molecules across the membrane?
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
72
Define Exocytosis
Used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides
73
Define Endocytosis
Used to import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell
74
What are two types of Endocytosis?
Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
75
Define Phagocytosis
Large particles or bacteria (Cell Eating)
76
Define Pinocytosis
Droplets of fluid (Cell Drinking)
77
Define Tonicity
Describes the ability of a solution to cause to gain or lose water
78
Define Isotonic
The concentration of a solute is the same on both sides
79
Define Hypertonic
The concentration of solute is higher outside the cell
80
Define Hypotonic
The concentration of solute is higher inside the cell

Biology 157 (MCC) (5 decks)

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