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Biology 157 (MCC) > Exam Three > Flashcards

Exam Three Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Amount of energy is constant

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2
Q

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy transformation must make the universe more disordered

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3
Q

What happens when ATP is converted to ADP and is energy absorbed or released?

A

x

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4
Q

What needs to occur to go back to ATP and does the reaction require energy or give it off?

A

x

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5
Q

What is a redox reaction and what happens to electrons during reduction and during oxidation?

A

x

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6
Q

What is produced in the Glycolysis stages of cellular respiration and where does each take place?
Reactants?

A

Produced: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
Location: Cytoplasm
Reactants: Glucose

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7
Q

What is produced in the Transition stage stages of cellular respiration and where does each take place?
Reactants?

A

Produced:
Location:
Reactants:

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8
Q

What is produced in the Kreb’s Cycle stages of cellular respiration and where does each take place?
Reactants?

A

Produced:
Location:
Reactants:

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9
Q

What is produced in the Electron Transport Chain stages of cellular respiration and where does each take place?
Reactants?

A

Produced:
Location:
Reactants:

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10
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected to one another?
Include the products and reactants

A

x

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11
Q

What is the chemical reaction of cellular respiration and what molecules are being reduced and oxidized?

A

x

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12
Q

How do temperate and pH affect enzyme activity?

A

x

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13
Q

What happens if an enzyme is heated to an extreme temperature and what term describes this?

A

x

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14
Q

Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.

A

x

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15
Q

What is the main pigment involved in photosynthesis and what makes plants green?

A

x

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16
Q

Explain what happens in a photosystem (make sure to mention sunlight, photons, pigments, and electrons).

A

x

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17
Q

How are electrons replaced in each of the photosystems?

A

x

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18
Q

In the electron transport chain, how are electrons used to produce ATP?

A

x

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19
Q

What is the use for ATP in the Calvin Cycle?

A

x

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20
Q

What is the use for NADPH in the Calvin Cycle?

A

x

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21
Q

In cellular respiration, where do electrons come from to fuel the Electron Transport Chain and where do those electrons ultimately end up?

A

x

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22
Q

Why does fermentation occur?

A

x

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23
Q

What is the difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation (what is produced in each)?

A

x

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24
Q

In which type of cellular respiration (aerobic respiration, lactic acid fermentation or alcohol fermentation) is the most ATP produced? Which step is it produced in?

A

x

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25
Define Light Reaction
Energy capturing portion of photosynthesis that takes place in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and cannot proceed without solar energy, it produces ATP and NADPH.
26
Define Chlorophyll
The green pigment that absorbs solar energy and is important in photosynthesis
27
Define Chloroplast
A membrane-bound organelle with chlorophyll-containing membrane thylakoids
28
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
29
Define Photosynthesis
A process usually occurring within chloroplasts whereby chlorophyll traps solar energy and carbon dioxide is reduced to a carbohydrate
30
Define Calvin Cycle
Synthesis portion of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and does not directly require sunlight; it uses the products of the light reaction to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate
31
Define Autotrophs
Makes own food
32
Example of an Autotroph
Literally any plant
33
Define Heterotroph
Don't make their own food
34
Example of a Heterotroph
Humans and dogs
35
What is another name for the dark cycle?
Calvin Cycle
36
Where does carbon dioxide come from?
The air around us
37
What will happen to carbon dioxide and what will it eventually become in photosynthesis?
It will be fixed to become a sugar
38
How many molecules of high-energy sugars are produced as a result of one Calvin cycle?
One cycle = 1G3P | Two Cycles = 1 glucose molecule
39
How many G3P molecules are needed to make glucose?
2 G3P molecules or 2 Calvin cycles
40
What are the reactants of water, CO2, and sunlight in photosynthesis?
O2 and glucose
41
What is the overall reaction of cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)
42
Why is Chloroplast green?
Green is the only color reflected
43
What is the function of Chlorophyll?
To absorb light
44
What is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O --light energy--> C6H12O6 + 6O2
45
Light Reaction: Reactants? Products? Location?
Reactants: Light and H2O Products: O2, ATP, and ADP Location: Chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane
46
Dark Reaction: Reactants? Products? Location?
Reactants: CO2, ATP, NADPH Products: CH2O Location: Stroma of the chloroplast
47
Define potential energy
Energy that an object possesses as a result of its location (stored energy)
48
Define kinetic energy
Energy of motion
49
What do Catabolic Pathways do?
They release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds (Large to small)
50
What do Anabolic Pathways do?
They consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds (Small of large)
51
In the Catabolic Pathway is energy used or released?
Released
52
In the Anabolic Pathways is energy used or released?
Used
53
Define Exergonic Reaction
Energy is released
54
Define Endergonic Reaction
Energy is used
55
Define Oxidation
A molecule has lost one or more electrons | lose of hydrogen
56
Define Reduction
A molecule that has gained one or more electrons | gains hydrogen
57
Define Activation Energy
MINIMAL amount of energy is required to start a chemical reaction (Gets reaction going - protein)
58
What does OIL RIG stand for?
Oxidation is Losing | Reduction is Gaining
59
What happens in Redox Reactions?
Water split apart by oxidation (lose electrons with H+ ions) and CO2 is reduced to a sugar as Electrons and H+ ions are added (Refer to Photosynthesis equation)
60
What do enzymes do?
Speed up reactions
61
What does an enzyme act as?
A catalyze
62
Can an enzyme be used for anything?
NO, they are unique to their function and the shape of their activation site.
63
How are enzyme-substrate complexes formed?
Enzymes bind to substrates at the active site
64
What is the four-step process of enzyme-substrate complex formation?
1. Enzyme available with an empty active site 2. Substrate binds to enzyme with induced fit 3. Substrate is converted to products 4. Products are released
65
What does a competitive inhibitor do?
Blocks the substract form binding to the active site of the enzyme
66
What does a noncompetitive inhibitor do?
binds to a different site that is not the active site of the enzyme and changes the structure of the enzyme
67
Define inhibitor
Stops/slows down reaction
68
What is ATP?
A molecule capable of storing a lot of energy | the energy currency of cells
69
When is energy released from ATP?
When the phosphate bond is broken down
70
What are the two main systems found in the Chloroplast?
Stroma and Thyroid membrane
71
Define Stroma
liquid outside thylakoid membranes
72
What happens in the stroma?
Dark Reactions
73
Define Thylakoid membrane
Contains chlorophyll
74
Define grana
The stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast
75
What happens in the thylakoid membrane?
The light reactions
76
Define wavelengths
Different levels of energy seen by the human eye as different colors
77
What is the range of visible light?
380nm - 750nm
78
Why are plants green?
Chlorophyll pigments absorb all colors of light EXCEPT green.
79
Define pigments
Absorb light
80
How does wavelength compare to energy level?
Shorter Wavelength -----> Higher Energy | Longer Wavelength ------> Lower Energy
81
What colors are short and long wavelength?
Cool colors = shorter wavelength | Warm colors = longer wavelength
82
Define photosystems
Clusters of light-absorbing pigments (chlorophyll pigments)
83
Define Photons
Packets of light
84
What are the two phases of Photosynthesis?
1. Photosystems | 2. Calvin cycles
85
What happens in the photosystems?
Converts solar energy into chemical energy | The light reaction
86
Where does the light reaction take place?
Chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane
87
What are the reactants of the light reaction?
Light and Water
88
What are the products of the light reaction?
O2, ATP, NADPH
89
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
In the stroma of the chloroplast
90
What are the reactants of the Calvin Cycle?
CO2, ATP, NADPH
91
What are the products of the Calvin Cycle?
G3P
92
Define Cellular Respiration
Energy in the food you eat that was "captured" by plants during photosynthesis
93
What is the difference in the reaction equations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
CR does not need sunlight | The equations are the same but backwards
94
What are the four stages of CR in order?
1. Glycolysis 2. Transition Reaction 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain
95
Does Glycolysis require oxygen?
NO

Biology 157 (MCC) (5 decks)

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