Exam One Flashcards
1
Q
What is biology?
A
The study of life
2
Q
Define Molecule
A
The chemical components of cells
3
Q
Define Cell
A
The smallest unit of life
4
Q
Define Tissue
A
A group of similar cells that perform the same function
5
Q
Define Organ
A
A structure with two or more tissues working together to perform a function
6
Q
Define Organ Systems
A
At least two organs working together to perform a function
7
Q
Define Individual
A
A single organism
8
Q
Define Population
A
All individuals of the same species in an area
9
Q
Define Community
A
All the species in an ecosystem that can interact
10
Q
Define Ecosystem
A
A community and its physical environment
11
Q
Define Biosphere
A
The part of the earth that supports life
12
Q
Characteristics of Life (7)
A
- Living things contain nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
- Living things are composed of cells
- Living things grow and reproduce
- Living things use energy and raw materials (metabolism)
- Living things respond to their environment
- Living things maintain homeostasis
- Populations of living things evolve and have adaptive traits (natural selection)
13
Q
Define Homeostasis
A
Regulation of the body
14
Q
Define Metabolism
A
The body breaking down food
15
Q
Define Nucleic Acids
A
DNA and RNA
16
Q
Define Proteins
A
Enzymes
17
Q
Define Carbohydrates
A
Sugars
18
Q
Define Lipids
A
Fats
19
Q
Define Doman Bacteria
A
Unicellular prokaryotic organism
20
Q
Define Domain Archaea
A
Unicellular prokaryotic organism that lives in extreme conditions
21
Q
Define Domain Eukarya
A
Eukaryotic cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus and internal compartments
22
Q
Protists
A
Protozoans, algae, diatoms
23
Q
Fungi
A
Molds, mushrooms
24
Q
Plants
A
Mosses, ferns, seed plants
25
Animals
Invertebrates and vertebrates
26
What are the 3 Domains?
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
27
What are the 6 kingdoms in the 3 domains?
```
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya:
-Protists
-Fungi
-Plants
-Animals
```
28
Define Taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying species
29
When was taxonomy devised?
18th century
30
Who devised taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
31
Name the grouping of species from board to specific
| Name (EX)
```
Domain (eukarya)
Kingdom (animals)
Phylum (chordates)
Subphylum (vertebrates)
Class (mammals)
Order (primates)
Family (Hominidae)
Genus (homo)
Species (modern human)
```
32
Define Binomial Nomenclature
Species names with the First part (genus) and Second part (species)
33
Define the Scientific Method
A logical approach to gathering information and reaching conclusions
34
What are the steps of the scientific method in order?
1. observation
2. hypothesis
3. prediction
4. experiment
5. results
6. conclusion
35
Define Control Group
used as a comparison or standard; all variables are kept constant
36
Define Experimental Group
Group in which one variable is altered to understand the effects
37
Define Independent Variable
The value being manipulated; the factor whose effect the experiment is designed to reveal
38
Define Qualitative
Characteristics such as smell or color
39
Define Quantitative
Can be measured such as cm
40
Define population
All members of a species living in the same area
41
Define ecology
The study of interactions between organisms and the environment
42
Population Distribution:
| Nearly Uniform
Competition for limited resources can produce this distribution
Ex) Penguins
43
Population Distribution:
| Clumped
Clumped and move together to follow the resources
| Ex) Fish
44
Population Distribution:
| Random
Move on their own and there are plenty of resources
| Ex) Spider
45
Survivorship Curves:
| Type 1
Upside down J-shape
Morality the highest very late in life
Ex) Elephant (bigger mammals)
46
Survivorship Curves:
| Type 2
Diagonal line
Morality does not vary with age
Ex) Bird (smaller mammals)
47
Survivorship Curves:
| Type 3
Backwards J-shape
Mortality is highest early in life
Ex) Starfish (smaller with lots of offspring)
48
Reproductive Strategies:
| Re-selection
Max offpsring
Little parental care
Small body
Type 3 curve
49
Reproductive Strategies:
| K-selection
Improved offspring quality
larger bodies with longer life
high parental care
Type 1 curve
50
Population Growth:
| Exponential Growth
J-shaped
unrestricted growth at a constant rate
plenty of resources and adequate waste removal
51
Population Growth:
| Logistic Growth
S-shaped curve
| Growth slows as population approaches carrying capacity and eventually levels off
52
Define carrying capacity
Maximum number of individuals a populations environment can support indefinitely
53
What are some determining factors of carrying capacity?
Availability of resources
Waste Removal
Predation Pressure
54
Density Dependent Factors
Events that have a greater impact:
- Predation, parasitism, disease
- Competition for resources
55
Density Independent Factors
events that cause death not related to population density:
| -Natural diasters
56
What are trends that lead to an increase in the human population?
1. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides for crops
2. Increased understanding of diseases and medicines
3. Improved nutrition
4. Decline in death rates without a decline in birth rates
57
Define Habitat
Environment in which a species lives
58
Define Biological Community
All species living in the same habitat and interacting
59
Define Ecological Niche
Role and position a species has in its environment
60
Define Symbiosis
Two species with a prolonged close association that benefits at least one of them
61
Define Commensalism
+ 0
62
Define Mutualism
+ +
63
Define Parasitism
+ --
64
Define Interactions
Niche of two different species overlap
65
Define Competitive Exclusion
Whenever two species require the same resource to live or reproduce
The stronger competitive will drive the other to extinction
66
Define Resource Partitioning
Species adapt to use a shared limited resource in a way that minimizes competition
67
Define Predator-Prey
Predator captures and kills prey
68
Define Herbivory
attacks plants
69
Define Parasites
Attack animals
70
Define Pathogens
Attack immune system
71
What are five defenses to predators?
1. Camouflage
2. Mimicry
3. Toxic
4. Spines and Thorns
5. Warning Coloration
72
Are ecosystems static (not changing)?
No, they are dynamic
73
Define ecological succession
existing communities replace others over time
74
Define Pioneer Species
First to arrive in habitats
75
Define Primary Succession
starting from scratch no soil from area with NO preexisting communities
76
Define Secondary Succession
Has preexisting soil
| Has had preexisting communities
77
Define Ecosystem
An array of organisms and they're physical environment
78
Define Food Chains
Energy transfers through trophic levels
79
Define Primary Producers
Plants that take energy through photosynthesis
80
Define Consumers
Use energy stored by producers
| Eat others
81
Define Decomposers and Detriticore
release inorganic material that can be used by producers
82
Define primary consumers
herbivores
83
Define secondary consumer
feed on primary consumers
84
Define Tertiary consumer
feed on secondary consumers
85
Define Biological Magnification
nondegradable chemicals become more concentrated in organisms through succession of trophic levels
86
How much water does the ocean hold?
95% of the earth's water
87
What are some human Disruptions in the water cycles?
1. deforestation reduces transpiration
2. runoff patterns altered in cities
3. we use more fresh water than is replenished
88
How much water is used for agriculture?
2/3 freshwater
