Exam III Study Questions Flashcards
(347 cards)
1
Q
Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer one of the true back?
A
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi
2
Q
Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer two of the true back?
A
Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor
3
Q
Which of the muscles attaching to the scapula represent layer one of the true back?
A
Trapezius
4
Q
Which of the muscles attaching to the scapula represent layer two of the true back?
A
Levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor
5
Q
Which of the muscles attaching to the lateral mass of C1 represent layer two of the true back?
A
Levator scapulae
6
Q
Which of the muscles of the true back is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve?
A
Latissimus Dorsi
7
Q
What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?
A
Ventral rami of C6-C8
8
Q
What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?
A
The ventral ramus of C5
9
Q
What part of the vertebrae forms the osseous origin for the splenius?
A
The spinous process
10
Q
Splenius Capitis will attach to what locations on the skull?
A
Mastoid process of the temporal bone, superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
11
Q
What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?
A
Dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5 cord levels)
12
Q
Splenius cervicis will attach to what locations on the spine?
A
Lateral mass of C1, posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-C4
13
Q
What is the innervation of the splenius cervicis?
A
Dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-C7 cord levels)
14
Q
Which muscles represent the fourth layer of the true back?
A
Erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles
15
Q
Which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?
A
Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
16
Q
What muscles are classically identified as iliocostalis muscles?
A
Iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis cervicis
17
Q
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum?
A
Spinous processes of T11-T12, L1-L5, median sacral crest, lateral sacral crest
18
Q
Contraction of iliocostalis lumborum will result in what movements?
A
Extension, lateral flexion and rotation of lumbar spine, lateral pelvic movement
19
Q
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis thoracis?
A
NONE
20
Q
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?
A
Costal angles of the upper 6-7 ribs
Transverse process of C7
21
Q
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis cervicis?
A
NONE
22
Q
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?
A
Accessory process and transverse processes of L1-L5, spinous processes of L3-L5, median sacral crest S1-S3
23
Q
Which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?
A
Longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis
24
Q
Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?
A
Semispinalis, multifidis, rotators
25
How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?
As many as nine vertebrae
26
What segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracis?
T12
27
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?
Transverse tubercles of T1-T5/T6, articular processes of C4-C7
28
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?
Transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6/T7, articular processes of C4-C6
29
The biventer cervicis is formed by the fusion of what muscles?
Semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis
30
Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?
Multifidis
31
Contraction of the classic multifidis will result in what movements of the vertebral column?
Lateral flexion and rotation of the spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve, prevents entrapment of the zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement
32
Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin- insertion combination?
Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracis pars lumborum, multifidis lumborum
33
Rotator muscles are typically identified in what region of the spine?
Thoracic region
34
Which sub occipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?
Obliquus capitis inferior
35
Which nerve will innervate ALL sub occipital muscles?
The dorsal ramus of C1, the sub occipital nerve
36
What is the proposed function of the sub occipital muscle group?
Posture stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
37
Which sub occipital muscles are known to attach to dura mater?
Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior
38
At what locations will interspinalis be absent along the spine?
T3-T4 down to T10-T11
39
Based on the density of muscle spindles, what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?
Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conduction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
40
Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal rami and ventral rami of spinal nerves?
Intertransversarii
41
Based on the density of muscle spindles, what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?
Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conduction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
42
What is the origin of the longus colli?
Vertebral bodies of C5-C6, T1-T3, and anterior tubercle of transverse processes of C3-C5
43
What will innervate the longus colli?
Vertebral rami of C2-C6 or C7 spinal nerves
44
What will innervate the longus capitis?
The ventral rami of C1-C3 spinal nerves
45
What is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior?
Lateral mass and costal element of the transverse process of C1
46
What will innervate the rectus capitis anterior?
Ventral rami, C1-C2 spinal nerves
47
What will innervate the rectus capitis lateralis?
Ventral rami, C1-C2 spinal nerves
48
What is the insertion of the anterior scalene?
Ridge and anterior scalene tubercle of the first rib
49
What will innervate the anterior scalene?
The ventral rami of the C2-C6 spinal nerves
50
What is the insertion of the middle scalene?
Between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib
51
What will innervate the middle scalene?
The ventral rami of the C3-C8 spinal nerves
52
What is the insertion of the posterior scalene?
Outer surface of the second rib
53
What will innervate the posterior scalene?
The ventral rami of the C6-C8 spinal nerves
54
The quadratus lumborum is implicated in the formation of which ligament?
The iliolumbar ligament
55
What will innervate the quadratus lumborum?
The ventral rami of T12 and L1-L3/L4 spinal nerves
56
What is the origin of the psoas major?
Vertebral bodies of T12, L1-L5, S1, transverse processes of L1-L5
57
What is the origin of the psoas minor?
Vertebral bodies T12, L1
58
What will innervate the psoas minor?
The ventral ramus of L1 spinal nerve
59
What will innervate the illiacus?
The femoral nerve, primarily the ventral rami of L2 and L3
60
What will innervate the levator costarum brevis?
The dorsal rami of T1-T12 spinal nerves
61
What will innervate the levator costarum longus?
The dorsal rami of the lower thoracic spinal nerves
62
What will innervate the serratus posterior superior?
The ventral rami of T2-T5 spinal nerves...intercostal nerves
63
What will innervate the serratus posterior inferior?
The ventral rami of T9-T12, the intercostal nervesThe ventral ramus of T12, the subcostal nerve
64
What is the maximum number of common ligaments identified with a vertebral couple?
Eight
65
What is the reason that non common ligaments are identified but only eight will be attached at any specific vertebral couple?
The ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligaments attach to the spinous tubercles, but only one of these will be identified at a single vertebral couple
66
What is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in the adult?
23
67
What is the percent of intervertebral disc height contribution to the length of each region of the vertebral column?
Cervical: 22-25%
Thoracic: 20%
Lumbar: 33%
68
What is the cervical nucleus pulposus composed of?
Fibrocartilage
69
What is the water concentration in the lumbar nucleus pulposus at birth and after thirty?
Birth: 88%
Thirty: 70%
70
What is the organizational pattern for glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus?
They typical lack a binding site for hyaluronic acid and are thus non-aggregated
71
What cell is associated with the nucleus pulposus until about age eleven?
Notocord cells
72
Which type of collagen is dominant in the nucleus pulposus?
Collagen type II
73
What is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus?
It lacks any lamellar or layered organization
74
What is the appearance of the cervical annulus fibrosus?
A horse-shoe with an anterior margin thick and a lateral margins tapering to the uncinate processes; the posterior margin is thin
75
What compensates for the thinness of the posterior part of the cervical annulus fibrosus?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
76
What is the organization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus?
It has 12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae
77
Why is the posterior part of the lumbar annulus fibrosus more susceptible to rupture, herniation, prolapse, or protrusion?
The posterior margin of each lamellus is thin and the posterior longitudinal ligament is also less developed
78
What is the water concentration in the lumbar annulus fibrosus at birth and after thirty?
Birth: 78%
Thirty: 70%
79
What is the organizational pattern for glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?
They typically have a binding site for hyaluronic acid and are thus aggregated
80
What is the consequence of aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?
The annulus fibrosus will retain water under deformation conditions
81
Which type of collagen is dominant in the annulus fibrous?
Collagen type I
82
What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?
They are parallel with one another in a single lamellus and angled
83
What is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?
Collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral-counterspiral organization is observed
84
What is the average angle of collagen fibers within the annulus fibrosus?
They average 50 to 60 degrees
85
What is the origin for the cells of the annulus fibrosus?
Sclerotomites
86
What cell type is associated with annulus fibrosus?
Fibroblast and fibrocyte
87
What is the cartilage end plate derived from?
The epiphyseal plate
88
What part of the vertebral body will the cartilage end plate cover?
The cancellous bone at the top or bottom of the vertebral body
89
What is the principal type of collagen fiber within the cartilage end plate?
Type II collagen fiber
90
What is the direction of collagen fibers within the cartilage end plate?
Collagen fibers are aligned anterior to posterior
91
What is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration?
Changes in the histology of the cartilage end plate
92
What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated?
The outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus
93
What part of the cervical intervertebral disc is highly innervated?
The middle third of the annulus fibrosus
94
What are the types of receptor endings in the intervertebral disc?
Nociceptors and proprioceptors
95
What is the relationship between size of the intervertebral disc and receptor endings?
The larger the disc, the greater the variety of receptor endings
96
What is the proposed function of receptor ending density in the anterior part of the intervertebral disc?
They provide feedback during extension
97
What are the sources of innervation of the intervertebral disc?
The sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral nerve, recurrent meningeal nerve), fibers from the ventral primary ramus, fibers from the white ramus communicans, fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans, fibers from the gray ramus communicans
98
What nerve(s) have been shown to give off the sinus vertebral/sinu-vertebral/recurrent meningeal nerve?
```
The mixed spinal nerve
Ventral primary ramus
Dorsal primary ramus
Gray ramus communicans
White ramus communicans
```
99
The recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve has typically been shown to originate from which source?
The gray ramus communicans
100
What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated by the recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve?
The outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the posterior part of the intervertebral disc
101
What forms the anterior neural plexus of the vertebral column?
Fibers from the ventral primary ramus
102
What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated by fibers from the ventral primary ramus?
The outer lamellae of the the annulus fibrosus at the anterior and lateral part of the intervertebral disc
103
What innervates the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the intervertebral disc?
Fibers from the ventral primary ramus
Fibers from the white ramus communicans
Fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans
Fibers from the gray ramus communicans
104
What part of the intervertebral disc is innervated by fibers from the white ramus communicans?
The outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus at the lateral part of the intervertebral disc
105
What is the name given to the white ramus which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc?
The paradiscal ramus comminicans
106
How does the intervertebral disc attach to the vertebral body?
Sharpey's fibers from the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrous are firmly embedded into the epiphyseal rims of the adjacent vertebral bodies
107
In what regions of the vertebral column is the space formed between vertebral bodies by the intervertebral disc the greatest?
The cervical and lumbar regions
108
Which curve direction will be associated with the greatest space observed between vertebral bodies?
The lordotic or anterior curves
109
What traditionally either replaces or supports the posterior annulus fibrousus?
The posterior longitudinal ligament
110
What part of the thoracic spine is most susceptible to herniation?
The segments below T8
111
What is the popular theory or intra-abdominal cavity pressure and intervertebral disc response to weight bearing?
Increasing the intra-abdominal cavity pressure will diminish the amount of resistance the intervertebral disc needs to generate by up to 50%
112
Based on histology, what is the classification of the intervertebral disc?
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
113
What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult vertebral disc?
The intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of Von Ebner
114
What was ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region identified as?
Forestier's Diesease
115
What is ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as?
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH
116
What is the innermost layer of the posterior longitudinal ligament called?
The perivertebral ligament
117
Where is ossification of the posterior longitudinal most commonly identified?
The cervical spine with an 80% incidence
118
What is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
It is greater in males over 50 and has a higher incidence in the Japanese
119
What is the acronym for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
OPLL
120
At one time ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament was an example of what condition
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH
121
In which region of the spine will the ligamentum flavum be paired?
The lumbar spine
122
What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?
It is a yellow elastic ligament
123
What is the function of the ligamentum flavum?
It brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column
124
What is now thought to be a major function of the ligamentum flavum?
It is an early prime factor in extension of the vertebral column
125
Where is ossification of the ligamentum flavum most commonly identified?
The thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone
126
What regions of the vertebral column demonstrate the greatest laxity of capsular ligaments?
The cervical and lumbar regions
127
If the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion, what is its function?
It is probably involved in proprioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement
128
What are the names given to the superficial and deep layers of the ligamentum nuchae, respectively?
Funicular layer and lamellar layer
129
What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
The external occipital protuberance, external occipital crest, the spinous tubercle of C7
130
What is the histological make-up of the human ligamentum nuchae?
It is a yellow elastic ligament, has more collagen fibers than in quadrupeds
131
What is the primary yellow elastic or elastic ligament of the spine?
The ligamentum flavum
132
What is the classic function of the human ligamentum nuchae?
It brakes or limits flexion of the cervical spine
133
What is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?
Primarily at L4 (73%); between L4 and L5 (5%)
134
What forms the ventral slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine?
A membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to form a ventral slip. IT is penetrated by the contents of the intervertebral foramen
135
What forms the dorsal slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine?
A thick partition extends from the lamina and articular processes and extends laterally to blend with the ventral slip to form a septum separating the anterior muscles from the posterior muscles of the body wall
136
*What are the attachment sites of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
Arcuate rim of the posterior arch of C1
Superior articular process of the lateral mass of C1
Posterior margin of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone
137
What are the attachment sites of the ponticulus posticus?
Arcuate rim of the posterior arch of C1
| Superior articular process of the lateral mass of C1
138
What other name may be used to identify ponticulus posticus?
Kimmerle's Anomaly
139
What names are given to the opening formed by the Ponticuls Posticus?
Arcuate Foramen Retroarticular Canal
140
What amount of flexion-extension is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
About 25 degrees
141
What amount of axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
About 3-8 degrees one side axial rotation
142
What amount of lateral bending is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
About 5 degrees
143
Which motion is best accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
Flexion-extension
144
What are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the anterior bursa?
Fovea Dentis of C1
| Facet for Fovea Dentis of C2
145
What are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the posterior bursa?
Groove for the transverse atlantal ligament of C2 Transverse atlantal ligament
146
What histological feature is present on the anterior surface of the transverse atlantal ligament?
Fibrocartilage at the surface of the ligament articulating with C2
147
What is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?
It is the primary stabilizer of the atlanto-axial joint restricting the distance of C2 from the anterior arch of C1
148
What is the ADI?
The Atlanto-Dental Interspace- a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa and the median atlanto-axial joint
149
What is the ADI of children compared with that of adults?
Children: about 4.5 mm
Adults: range of 2-3mm or about 2.5 mm
150
What are the attachment sites for the accessory atlanto-axial ligament?
The base of the odontoid process and vertebral body of C1 to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament on the lateral mass of C1
A superior continuation may attach on the occipital bone just behind that of the alar ligament
151
What ligament forms the medial, posterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen at C1/C2?
The posterior atlanto-axial ligament
152
What are the degrees of movement facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?
About 20 degrees of flexion-extension
40 degrees one side axial rotation
5 degrees lateral bending
153
The occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?
About 60%
154
What are the attachment sites of the apical ligament of the dens or apicodental ligament?
The anterior margin of the foramen magnum
| Tip of the ondontoid process of C2
155
What is the embryonic derivative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?
The notochord
156
What are the attachment sites for the *superficial layer* of the membrane tectoria or tectorial membrane?
The posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the capsular ligament of the atlanto-occipital joint and cranial dura of the posterior cranial fossa
157
What are the attachment sites for the *deep layer* of the membrane tectoria or tectorial membrane?
The posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the periosteum behind the cruciate ligament attachment site on the anterior rim of the foramen magnum
158
For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of motion allowed for each type of joint motion identified?
Flexion-extension: 90 degrees
One side lateral bending: 50 degrees
One side axial rotation: 33 degrees
159
What are the locations for the costovertebral joints on the vertebra?
The costocentral joint at the vertebral body and the costotransverse joint at the transverse process
160
Costocentral radiate or stellate ligaments will attach the head of the rib to what structure?
Both vertebral bodies of the costocentral joint and IV disc for ribs 1-9
161
An intra-articular ligament will be identified with which ribs?
Ribs 2-9
162
Which vertebrae will have a synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) costotransverse joint?
Typically T1-T10
163
At what rib will the superior costotransverse ligament be absent?
The first rib
164
What ligaments will attach to the neck of the 12th rib?
The superior costotransverse ligament from T11
| Lumbocostal ligament from L1
165
What unique ligament is present at the 12th rib?
The lumbocostal ligament
166
Which ribs will have an attachment for the inferior costotransverse ligament?
Rib 1-11
167
At what rib will the inferior costotransverse ligament be absent?
12th rib
168
What is the name of the space between the transverse process and the neck of the rib?
The costotransverse foramen
169
Which ligament "fills" the costotransverse foramen?
The inferior costotransverse ligament
170
At what rib will the lateral costotransverse ligament be absent?
The 12 rib
171
Which vertebral couples of the thoracic spine will have the greatest motion?
T11/T12
| T12/L1
172
Which range of motion is greatest for lower thoracic vertebral couples?
Flexion-Extension
173
Which range of motion is least for lower thoracic vertebral couples?
One side axial rotation
174
Based on current literature, what common ligaments are absent at the lumbosacral joint?
Ligamentum nuchae
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament
175
Which ligaments replace the intertransverse ligament at the lumbosacral joint?
The iliolumbar ligament
| The lumbosacral ligament
176
Which of the current ligaments from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the iliolumbar ligament of classical descriptions?
The superior iliolumbar ligament
177
Which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the lumbosacral ligament of classical descriptions
The inferior iliolumbar ligament
178
* Which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion?
L5/S1
179
Which range of motion is greatest for all lumbar vertebral couples?
Flexion-extension
180
Which range of motion is least for L1-L5 vertebral couples?
One side axial rotation
181
Which range of motion is least for the L5/S1 vertebral couple?
One side lateral bending
182
What joint classifications are present at the sacrocccygeal joint?
Cartilagionous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
| Fibrous (amphiarthosis) syndesmosis
183
What ligament represents the continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?
The anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
184
* List, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal column
The anterior atlanto-occipital ligament, anterior atlanto-axial ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament, and the anterior sacroccygeal ligament
185
What ligament represents the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?
The deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
186
* List, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal canal
The membrane tectoria, posterior longitudinal ligament, and deep posterior sacroccygeal ligament
187
* List, in order, from cranial to caudal the ligaments forming the posterior boundary of the spinal canal
The posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum, and superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
188
What forms the closure for the spinal canal inferiorly?
The fusion of the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament with the superficial posterior sacroccygeal ligament
189
What is the auricular surface of sacrum composed of?
True articular cartilage, a modification of hyaline cartilage
190
What is the auricular surface of the ilium composed of?
Articular cartilage, inter-spread with fibrocartilage
191
What does degenerative arthrosis mean?
A condition of degeneration of the joint, sometimes referred to as degenerative joint diseases (DJD)
192
What does ankylosis mean?
A condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint
193
What is the age and surface bias associated with degenerative arthritis of the sacroiliac joint?
Age 40
| The iliac auricular surface
194
What is the age and gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacroiliac joint?
Age 50 Male bias, particularly in African American males
195
What is the age and gender bias associated with ossification of the anterior sacroiliac ligament?
Age 40
| Male Bias
196
Which is the strongest of the sacroiliac ligaments?
The interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
197
What are the attachment sites of the interosseous sacroiliac ligament?
At the sacral tuberosity and the iliac sulcus
198
What passes between the layers of the interosseous sacroiliac ligaments?
Dorsal Rami of the sacral spinal nerves
199
What is formed by the continuation of the sacrotuberous ligament along the ischial ramus?
The falciform process
200
What separates the greater sciatic and lesser sciatic foramina?
The sacrospinous ligament
201
What is the classification of the first sternochondral joint?
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) Synchondrosis
202
What are the joint surfaces of the first sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
The costalcartilage of the first rib and costal notch I of the manubrium sterni
203
What ligaments are present at the first sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
NO ligaments
204
What is the classification of the 2nd-7th sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
205
Which of the sternocostal or sternochondral ligaments is unique to the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
The intra-articular ligament
206
The capsular ligament is present at which interchondral joints?
The 6th-9th interchondral joints
207
What is the classification of the 6th through the 9th interchondral joints?
Synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
208
Primary centers for ossification for the sternum first appear at what age?
Fifth fetal month
209
Synchondroses of the corpus sterni will fuse together beginning with which sternabrae?
The lower sterna brae fuse first; they ossify in a caudal to cranial direction
210
What vertebral levels correspond to the position of the manubrium sterni?
T3-T4
211
What vertebral levels correspond to the position of the corpus sterni?
T5-T9
212
How many sternabrae for the corpus sterni?
4 Sternabrae
213
What surface features on the corpus sterni identifies the location of the synchondroses?
Transverse Lines
214
What articular sites for the costal cartilage of the ribs will be identified on the corpus sterni?
Costal notches II-VII
215
What feature of the corpus sterni is present in 4-7% of the population
A Sternal Foramen
216
What causes the appearance of the sternal foramen?
Failure of the ossification centers of the sternum to fuse together normally
217
In what part of the rib will primary centers of ossification appear?
The body (corpus, shaft)
218
In what parts of the rib will secondary centers of ossification appear?
The head, articular surface of the tubercle and non-articular surface of the tubercle
219
When do primary centers of ossification appear in the rib?
During the second fetal month
220
When do secondary centers of ossification appear in the rib?
During puberty
221
Which ribs will demonstrate primary centers of ossification for the body? (corpus or shaft)
All ribs; ribs 1-12
222
Which ribs will demonstrate secondary centers of ossification?
Ribs 1-10
223
Which ribs lack secondary centers of ossification?
Ribs 11-12
224
How does rib 1 differ in ossification centers from typical ribs?
Rib 1 has two secondary centers of ossification:One for the head One for the tubercle Typical ribs have three secondary centers of ossification
225
How does rib 10 differ in ossification centers from typical ribs?
Rib 10 has two secondary centers of ossification:One for the headOne for the tubercleTypical ribs have three secondary centers of ossification
226
How do ribs 11 and 12 differ in ossification centers from typical ribs?
Ribs 11 and 12 do NOT have secondary centers of ossification
227
What are the primary parts of the vertebral end of a typical rib?
Head, Neck, Tubercle
228
What is unique about the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib?
The body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is flattened and has a scalene tubercle flanked by the groove for the subclavian artery and the groove for the subclavian vein
229
What unique feature is present on the body (corpus or shaft) of the second rib?
Tuberosity for Serratus Anterior
230
What distinguishes the vertebral end of rib 11 from typical ribs?
The single articular surfaceAbsence of a well-developed crest on the neckTubercle may be absent or present, if present, only consists of a non-articular surface
231
What are the classifications of ribs 3-7 in the typical adult skeleton?
Typical ribs, true ribs, costa verae, and vertebrosternal ribs
232
What are the classifications of ribs 1 and 2 in the typical adult skeleton?
Atypical ribs, true ribs, costa verae, and vertebrosternal ribs
233
What are the classifications of ribs 8 and 9 in the typical adult skeleton?
Typical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, vertebrochondral ribs
234
What are the classifications of rib 10 in the typical adult skeleton?
Atypical rib, false rib, costa spuriae, vertebrochondral rib
235
What are the classifications of ribs 11 and 12 in the typical adult skeleton?
Atypical ribs, false ribs, costa spuriae, vertebral ribs
236
What is the joint classification of the costochondral joint?
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis
237
What is the classification of the 5th-6th or 9th-10th interchondral joint?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
238
What accessory ligaments are present at interchondral joints?
Anterior and posterior interchondral ligaments
239
Which costal cartilages fail to form a joint at their sternal end?
The 11th and 12th Costal Cartilages
240
In the developing sternum, what joint classification is present between the manubrium, gladiolus and xiphoid process?
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
241
How many bones form the neurocranium?
8 bones
242
What bones form the neurocranium?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid
243
How many bones form the facial skeleton?
14 bones
244
What bones form the facial skeleton?
Mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine, and zygomatic
245
What is the appearance of the intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures called?
The bregma
246
What is the appearance of the intersection of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures called?
The lambda
247
What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the frontal bone with both parietal bones?
The anterior fontanelle
248
What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the occipital bone with both parietal bones?
The posterior fontanelle
249
What is the glabella?
The elevation of bone over the frontal sinus between the orbits
250
What is the name given to the outline of the nasal cavity at the front of the skull?
Piriform aperture
251
What is the alveolar jugum?
The part of the mandible or maxilla covering the root of the tooth exteriorly
252
What is the name given to the alveolar jugum of the canine tooth in the maxilla?
Canine Eminence
253
What forms a bullet-like chin?
A large mental protuberance
254
What forms an indented chin?
Well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance
255
What is the name given to the midline posterior elevation at the back of the skull?
The external occipital protuberance
256
What is the tip of the external occipital protuberance called?
The inion
257
What is the name of the linear elevation lateral to the external occipital protuberance?
Superior nuchal line
258
What is the appearance of suture intersections just above the zygomatic arch called?
The Pterion
259
What bones from the pterion?
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Frontal
260
What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?
Nasion
Vertex
Inion
Gnathion
261
What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?
Nasion
Vertex
Inion
262
What is the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
A line drawn along the lesser wing of the sphenoid, anterior clinoid processes, and sphenoidal jegum
263
What is the posterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa?
Superior border of petrous part of temporal bone
Posterior Clinoid Processes
Dorsum Sella of Sphenoid
264
What are the parts of the sella turcica?
```
Anterior clinoid processes
Posterior clinoid processes
Sphenoidal jugum
Dorsum Sella
Hypophysial fossa
```
265
What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?
```
Ophthalmic veins
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
Abducent nerve
```
266
What cranial nerves are located within the superior orbital fissure?
Oculomotor Trochlear
Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal
Abducent
267
What is unique about the ophthalmic artery and veins?
Unlike any other artery-vein combinations they will NOT share the same opening. The ophthalmic Artery is in the optic canal.The Ophthalmic Veins are in the superior orbital fissure.
268
What are the contents of the foramen ovale?
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
| Lesser petrosal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
269
What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
Nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
270
What bones converge to form the foramen lacerum?
Temporal
Sphenoid
Occipital
271
What are the contents of the foramen lacerum?
Internal carotid artery
Carotid sympathetic nerve plexus
Venous plexus
272
What forms the roof the the posterior cranial fossa?
Tentorium cerebelli
273
What part of the CNS occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
274
Which ostia will allow exit from the posterior cranial fossa?
```
Foramen magnum
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Condylar canal
```
275
What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VII- Facial Nerve
CN VIII- Vestibulocochlear Nerve Nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII
Vestibular and cochlear roots of VIII
Internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein
276
What are the contents of the jugular foramen?
```
Jugular bulb
Inferior petrosal sinus
Tympanic body/tympanic glomerus or jugular body/jugular glomus
CN IX- Glossopharyngeal
CN X- Vagus
CN XI- Spinal Accessory
```
277
What is the name of the venous expansion between the sigmoid dural venous sinus and the internal jugular bulb?
Jugular Bulb
278
What is the function of the tympanic body/tympanic glomus?
A chemoreceptive organ which monitors hypoxia, hypercapnia, and increases in the hydrogen ion
279
What are the contents of the condylar canal?
Emissary vein connecting the sigmoid dural venous sinus and the vertebral venous plexus
280
What can the five layers of the scalp spell?
```
SCALP
S- Skin
C- Connective Tissue
A- Aponeurosis
L- Loose Connective Tissue
P- Periosteum
```
281
What are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?
Internal carotid and external carotid artery branches
282
What branches of the external carotid artery ramify in the scalp?
OPS
O- Occipital Artery
P- Posterior Auricular Artery
S- Superficial Temporal Artery
283
What location will each branch of the CN V pass into upon exit from the middle cranial fossa?
Ophthalmic Nerve - Orbit
Maxillary Nerve - Pterygopalatine region
Mandibular Nerve - Infratemporal region
284
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?
All three divisions:
Ophthalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve
Mandibular nerve
285
What nerve(s) and cord levels of origin to the cervical plexus supply the scalp?
Great auricular nerve - C2, C3 ventral rami branches
| Lesser auricular nerve - C2 (C3) ventral rami branches
286
Which dorsal ramus nerve branch (name and cord level or origin) supplies the scalp?
Greater occipital nerve - C2, C3 communicating ramus
287
What nerve(s) provide motor innervation to the scalp?
Facial nerve branches
288
What is the embryonic origin of skeletal muscles innervated by the facial nerve?
The skeletal muscle is derived from the branchial arches hence the branchial efferent
289
What is the third layer of the scalp associated with?
Muscular component of the scalp
290
What muscle(s) are specifically associated with the scalp?
Frontalis and occipitalis bellies of the epicranius muscle
291
The bellies of the epicranius muscle are connected by what structure?
Galea aponeurotica
292
What is the fourth layer of the scalp?
Loose connective tissue layer
293
What is the fifth layer of the scalp?
Pericardium
294
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the face?
All 3 divisions
Ophthalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve
Mandibular nerve
295
What landmark forms the apex of the orbit?
Convergence of the superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure
296
What opening(s) are located along the superior wall of the orbit?
Optic canal
297
What are the contents of the optic canal?
Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
298
What bones form the medial wall of the orbit?
Ethmoid
Frontal
Lacrimal
Sphenoid
299
What are the openings located along the medial wall of the orbit?
Anterior ethmoid and posterior ethmoid foramina
300
What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?
Lamina papyracea
301
What opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?
Superior orbital fissure
302
What opening(s) are located along the inferior wall of the orbit?
Inferior orbital fissure
303
What is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?
Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
304
What are the layers of the eyelid?
Skin
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Tarsal plate/tarsus
Palpebral conjunctiva
305
What are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?
Tarsal or Meibomian gland
306
What is the location of the Meibomian gland?
Tarsus of the eyelid
307
What is the name of the modified sebaceous gland at the base of the eyelash?
Ciliary gland
308
What are the parts of the lacrimal gland?
Orbital and palpebral parts
309
The lacrimal gland is an example of what classification of gland?
Exocrine gland
310
What is the single common characteristic of exocrine glands?
Ducts drain product from secretory units of the gland
311
Into what location will the lacrimal gland ducts open?
Superior fornix
312
What is the drainage pattern of tears?
Lacrimal punctum, lacrimal canaliculus, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, and inferior nasal meatus
313
Which visceral efferent (VE) pathway is conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve?
A parasympathetic motor pathway
314
Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?
Superior salivatory nucleus
315
Preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of cranial nerve VII will exit the pons in what nerve?
Nervous intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg, sensory root of facial nerve
316
Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey pregaglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland?
Greater petrosal or greater superficial petrosal nerve
317
What is the continuation of the greater petrosal nerve of the seventh cranial nerve?
Vidian nerve or nerve of the pterygoid canal
318
What are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland?
Pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckel's ganglion
319
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine, or Meckel's ganglion will become incorporated in which cranial nerve branch?
Maxillary nerve of the trigeminal
320
The zygomaticotemporal nerve will convey postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland through a communication with which branch of the fifth cranial nerve?
Ophthalmic nerve
321
What is the branch from the ventral primary ramus that carries preganglionic sympathetic visceral efferent (VE) fibers to a paravertebral ganglion?
The white ramus communicans
322
What is the pathway for the postganglionic sympathetic visceral efferent (VE) fiber to the lacrimal gland?
It exits the superior cervical ganglion via the gray ramus communicans and joins the internal carotid artery neuromuscular plexus and continues along the ophthalmic artery to the lacrimal gland where it synapses
323
Sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory unites, more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen
324
Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?
Vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen; constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into duct system
325
What are the names of the layers of the eyeball?
Fibrous tunic, uveal tract and retina
326
What are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball?
Iris, ciliary body, choroid and pupil
327
What are the receptor neurons of the second cranial nerve?
Rod and cone photoreceptor cells
328
What is the function of the cone cell?
Provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision
329
What is the function of the rod cell?
Provide vision in dim light conditions
330
What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?
Rod cell
331
What is the primary afferent neuron of the second cranial nerve?
Bipolar cells
332
What is the secondary sensory neuron of the second cranial nerve?
Ganglion cell
333
What forms the optic nerve?
Axons of ganglion cells
334
What is the location for tertiary neurons of the visual pathway?
Lateral geniculate body
335
Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus will synapse in what specific location?
Primary visual cortex, calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
336
What is the location of the anterior chamber of the eyeball?
Between the cornea and the iris
337
What is the location of the posterior chamber of the eyeball?
Between the iris and lens
338
What is contained in the anterior chamber of the eyeball?
Aqueous humor
339
What is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball?
Aqueous humor
340
What is the name given to the chamber behind the lens?
Vitreous chamber
341
What is the location of the vitreous chamber?
Behind the lens, in front of the retina
342
What fills the vitreous chamber?
Vitreous body
343
What are the functions of the vitreous body?
Maintain retinal curvature; allow minimal light distortion from lens to retina
344
What are the common characteristics in origin and insertion of all rectus extra ocular muscles?
They all originate from a common annular tendon in the orbit
| They all insert into the sclera in front of the coronal equator of the eyeball
345
What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extra ocular muscles?
Both insert onto sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the coronal equator
346
At its apparent origin cranial nerve III coveys which classifications of neural pathways?
somatic efferent (SE) and visceral efferent (VE) pathway
347
What is the source of innervation of the specific intrinsic eye muscles?
parasympathetic fibers from oculomotor nerve - ciliaris, sphincter pupillae
sympathetic fibers from internal carotid artery plexus - dilator pulillae
