EXAM QUESTIONS Flashcards
what should the introduction section consist of
1-2 sentences defining and stating why it is important
1-2 sentences about why there is a potential conflict or problem arising from the topic
1-2 sentences about what you will argue in this essay and restate the question
what should you do when you have evidence to propose
state the findings or the procedure
what should you put in the conclusion
sum up the main issue or argument
potentially give an outlook for the future to resolve if applicable
“Compare and contrast 2 different approaches to group leadership. Which one do you think is more effective and why?”
what would you put in the introduction section. Remember the plan.
1-2 sentences defining group leadership and why having leadership is potentially important for an organisation
1-2 sentences about how there is a conflict between the right kind of leadership style with some organisations preferring relationship focused over task focused or vice versa
1-2 sentences saying that this essay will focus on exploring how socio-emotional and task focused leadership is intertwined yet different and this essay will uncover which one is more effective
“Compare and contrast 2 different approaches to group leadership. Which one do you think is more effective and why?”
what would your first main paragraph be?
Comparing.
Potential comparison points:
- both aim to improve teamwork
- both rely on strong communication
- both aim to improve productivity
- both require emotional intelligence
- both impact job satisfaction
potential people to include:
- Goleman 2019 - emotional intelligence is effective as a leader
- Goleman 2019 - communication
- Carmeli 2012 - communication
“Compare and contrast 2 different approaches to group leadership. Which one do you think is more effective and why?”
what would your second main paragraph be?
Contrasting.
potential contrast points:
- TF - goal, work. SE - group morale
- TF - instructive communication SE- supportive communication
- TF - rewards as motivation SE- recognition as motivation
potential people to include:
- Hersey 1997 - communication
- Bass 1993 - reward and recognition
“Compare and contrast 2 different approaches to group leadership. Which one do you think is more effective and why?”
what would your third main point be?
which one is more effective.
potential points to include:
- Strube 1981 - TF effective in larger workforces where more control needed
- SE more effective in organisations where workers already had a passion for their job
- Hains 1997 - group morale by SE improved effectiveness of leadership
- Fiedlers 1950 contingency model - TF were more liked
However points:
- Field 1986 - both are used in complex environments
- Winter 1952 - both can be used at the same time
“Compare and contrast 2 different approaches to group leadership. Which one do you think is more effective and why?”
what would your conclusion be
whilst they are both unique, it is appropriate for businesses to implement both because ……. (Field, 1986; Winter, 1952)
“Critically discuss how easily lab based findings on intergroup contact can be generalised to real world settings”
what would you put in the introduction?
define intergroup contact and why it is important for society - Allport 1954 contact hypothesis
1-2 sentences on the current conflict being these due to existing prejudice and discrimination
1-2 sentences about how you will talk about how lab based findings may or not be effective
“Critically discuss how easily lab based findings on intergroup contact can be generalised to real world settings”
what would you put in your first main paragraph?
Strength.
potential strengths to include:
- manipulation and control of IV to draw conclusions
- researchers focus greater on core psychological aspects such as empathy and altruism that interfere with intergroup contact that external studies couldn’t control
- more ethical
potential people to include:
- Page-Gould 2008 - intergroup communication in lab helped reduce intergroup anxiety on the outside
However point:
- this isn’t enduring and conflict will resume (Wohl, 2005)
“Critically discuss how easily lab based findings on intergroup contact can be generalised to real world settings”
what would you put in your second main paragraph?
Weakness
potential weaknesses to include:
- most lab studies on these kinds of things involve volunteers and not people with a deep conflict - unrepresentative
- artificial environment
- as found by Wohl (2005) lab based mainly produce short term effects and do not tackle long term effects
- demand characteristics
- unrealistic conditions
potential people to include:
- Rutland 2010 - volunteers
- Wohl 2005 - short term
“Critically discuss how easily lab based findings on intergroup contact can be generalised to real world settings”
would would you put in your third and fourth main paragraph?
repeat the strengths and weaknesses again so there are 2x strengths and 2x weaknesses
“Critically discuss how easily lab based findings on intergroup contact can be generalised to real world settings”
what would you put in your conclusion?
1-2 sentences summarising the strengths and weaknesses
1-2 sentences suggesting that studies on intergroup contact should be done outside the lab - suggestion for future
“Critically discuss the ADV and DIS of different measures of prejudice used in social psychology. which ones do you find the most convincing and why?”
what would you put in your introduction?
1-2 sentences defining prejudice (Brown 2010) and why it is problematic
1-2 sentences about how researchers have discovered ways to measure prejudice to enlighten society
1-2 sentences about how you will discuss these measures
“Critically discuss the ADV and DIS of different measures of prejudice used in social psychology. which ones do you find the most convincing and why?”
what would you put in your first main paragraph
explicit measures
define and provide an example eg Adorno (1951) F scale to measure Authoritarian personality
ADV:
- easy to use eg structured q
- when done correctly it can be accurate
- more widely used - able to create and generate more from them and establish ideologies
- predictive value eg high scores is prejudice
However DIS points:
- social desirability - is it even true?
“Critically discuss the ADV and DIS of different measures of prejudice used in social psychology. which ones do you find the most convincing and why?”
what would be your second main paragraph
Implicit measures
define implicit measure and provide an example eg IAT Greenwald 1989
ADV:
- unlike explicit, implicit uncovers truth
- reveal unconscious attitudes
- reduced social desirability bias as unaware of research true purpose
However DIS point:
- Lowery 2001 found that the race of the experimenter interferes with the respondents answers so truth can be manipulated
“Critically discuss the ADV and DIS of different measures of prejudice used in social psychology. which ones do you find the most convincing and why?”
what would be your third main paragraph?
Most convincing
Implicit:
- reveals thoughts that people may not wish to disclose elsewhere so more truthful and more revealing
- not influenced by social desirability bias unlike explicit measures
- Green 2007 - racial disparities in medical treatment found that implicit measures like IAT revealed greater racial prejudice from doctors than explicit measures did - more informative
However point:
- ethics has got to be considered
“Critically discuss the ADV and DIS of different measures of prejudice used in social psychology. which ones do you find the most convincing and why?”
what is your conclusion
whilst both are good at revealing prejudice in social psychology, the hidden and deceiving nature of implicit measures makes it just more convincing than explicit measures
future research should consider finding a more ethical way of revealing prejudice views
“Culture matters! Discuss this statement from the perspective of psychological research”
what is in your introduction?
1-2 sentences about how culture is important to consider and can provide very informative findings
1-2 sentences about how there is a crisis in current research where most research is culture bound and culture blind
1-2 sentences about what you will be discussing and whether considering culture in research is really that important
“Culture matters! Discuss this statement from the perspective of psychological research”
what is in your first main body paragraph
Emotions
P: the role of emotions differs
E: Ekman 1987 found from ppts from 10 different countries that they call all recognise basic emotions like happy and sad but there was a huge variation in the perception of intensity of these emotions
E: this discovery of perceptual differences in emotional intensity suggests that different cultures and social learning impact how we perceive our interactions with others. This could impact psychological research, particular studies like Batson (1986) researching altruism and empathy
L: from this perspective, culture matters as basic features of human interaction differs between cultures which can therefore impact results in research. this could help inform psychological practices like therapy.
H: however, from Ekman 1987 findings, the fundamental understanding and distinguishing of emotions are universally understood so culture doesn’t play a massive role in social communication
“Culture matters! Discuss this statement from the perspective of psychological research”
what is in your second main body paragraph
Self enhancement
P: the role of self enhancement
E: Lenman 1997 found that collectivist reject self promotion and enhancement compared to individualistic cultures. Kurman 2007 found that individualistic cultures are more likely to display agents traits and collectivist display communal traits
E: this can impact therapy and counselling in different cultures through the idea of how they can improve their self esteem and better themselves.
A: this is why we shouldn’t impose typically westernised findings and practices onto collectivist cultures who view that as bad
L: therefore culture matters as there are differences in how we boost our self esteem
H: however, research from Heine 1999 suggests that self enhancement still exists in different cultures but just in different forms, such as more on a group level rather than individual level. therefore, whilst culture matters, a lot of the existing research still applies.
“Culture matters! Discuss this statement from the perspective of psychological research”
what is your third main body paragraph
moral reasoning
P: the role of moral reasoning
E: Awad 2020 discovered that there was similarity between cultures in the decision in the trolley dilemma problem, but when looking into this further, there were differences in the reasoning for their decision among cultures
E: this shows that morality and what we deem as right or wrong is universal but we have different reasonings and examples for this.
A: this can help the criminal justice system apply a more reductionist perspective to research and cases rather than a holistic assumption as reasonings for crime can be different across cultures, typically because of different social learning and norms
L: this is why culture matters to social psychology because social learning is different
H: However, Greene 2001 found from FmRI that similar brain regions are activated when doing moral dilemmas across cultures so reasoning could be down to cognitive and biological differences rather than culture
“Culture matters! Discuss this statement from the perspective of psychological research”
what is your conclusion
culture is very informative for social psychology because of…
future research should apply a more inclusive perspective to their studies by incorporating more diverse samples and considering different cultural values in their findings rather than forming general conclusions from all cultures
“Why is it so difficult to get people to cooperate with each other in a stable and sustainable way?”
what is in your introduction
1-2 sentences about what cooperation is and why it is an example of prosocial behaviour
1-2 sentences of how cooperation hasn’t always been used in society and why people may not want to cooperate with each other eg conflict
1-2 sentences about what the essay will outline and and getting everyone to cooperate is hard
