Group Processes

Question 1

how do psychological individualists view groups

Answer 1

groups don’t exist

Question 2

who can be used to support psychological individualist theory of groups

Answer 2

Allport 1924 - groups can’t think or feel but the individual can - actions are shaped by the individual

Question 3

what is the social identity perspective of groups

Answer 3

groups do exist - defined by the consensus from within and on the outside

Question 4

what is entativity

Answer 4

the degree to which a number of people are perceived as a group

Question 5

who said that entativity is the degree to which a number of people are perceived as a group

Answer 5

Campbell 1958

Question 6

what 3 factors is entativity based on

Answer 6

similarity
proximity
common fate

Question 7

who found that entativity is positively correlated with prejudice

Answer 7

Lovakov 2018

Question 8

how did Lovakov 2018 find entativity is positively correlated with prejudice

Answer 8

through schizophrenia receiving more stigma due to being perceived as a group compared to other disorders

Question 9

who identified the group life cycle

Answer 9

Tuckman 1965

Question 10

what are the stages in Tuckman 1965 group life cycle

Answer 10

forming
storming
norming
performing
adjourning

Question 11

who said that no particular leadership is effective in all situations

Answer 11

Kerr 1978

Question 12

what are the two types of leadership styles

Answer 12

socio-emotional
task focused

Question 13

what is fiedlers contingency model

Answer 13

to maximise group performance by matching leaders to the right leadership style

Question 14

what is the common way of assessing the effectiveness of the leadership style in fiedlers contingency model

Answer 14

least preferred coworker scale

Question 15

what do high least preferred coworker scores signify

Answer 15

relationship orientated style - moderately liked

Question 16

what do low least preferred coworker scores signify

Answer 16

task orientated style - highly liked

Question 17

who said that you can’t be both socio-emotional and task focused as there has to be a trade off

Answer 17

Bales 1950

Question 18

who found that both leadership styles can be used in complex work environments

Answer 18

Field, 1986

Question 19

who classified group tasks based on how the efforts of the group influenced the outcome

Answer 19

steiner 1972

Question 20

what are the 3 factors within Steiner’s 1972 taxonomy

Answer 20

interdependence - 5 types eg additive
task division - different or same tasks
focused - quantity or quality

Question 21

what did ringelmann 1913 conclude from the ringelmann effect

Answer 21

the more people, the less effort

Question 22

what can cause motivation and coordination losses

Answer 22

social loafing
sucker effect
free riders

Question 23

who said people are natural social loafers because everyone has been one at some point

Answer 23

Latane 1979

Question 24

who said that people are not natural social loafers, it only occurs because of standards and expectations not being set

Answer 24

Brunn 1983

Question 25

what are motivation losses

Answer 25

not all members are optimally motivated to complete a task

Question 26

what are coordination losses

Answer 26

the lack of synchrony and equality in efforts

Question 27

who found that group morale (typically found from socio-emotional) can improve the effectiveness of the leadership within an organisation

Answer 27

Hains 1997

Question 28

who found that task focused leaders were deemed as more effective when there was a high level of control needed over a large workforce

Answer 28

Strube 1981

Question 29

who said that task focused leaders give instructive communication and social emotion leaders give supportive communication

Answer 29

Hersey 1997

Question 30

who said that task focused leaders give rewards as motivation and social emotional leaders give recognition as motivation

Answer 30

Brass 1993

Question 31

who said that both task focused and social emotion leaders require emotional intelligence

Answer 31

Goleman 2019

Question 32

who said that both task focused and social emotion leaders both rely on strong communication

Answer 32

Goleman 2019, Cameli 2012

Question 33

who said that both task focused and social emotional leadership can be used at the same time

Answer 33

Winter 1952

Question 34

why might motivation losses be more impacting for a groups performance than coordination losses

Answer 34

if each person has a loss in motivation and social loafing there is a general decline in performance harder to detect who has lost the motivation and harder to correct eg with coordination loss you can have a group talk but harder to have a one on one talk with motivation loss