EXAM REVIEW: Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments

Question 1

What was the approximate time period in which the scientific revolution took place? (Sci)

Answer 1

16th and 17th century (1500s to 1600s)

Question 2

Ptolemy (Sci)

Answer 2

Believed the universe rotated around the earth

ptolemy-stupidity

Question 3

Copernicus (Sci)

Answer 3

Found the earth revolves around the sun and tilts on an axis

copernicus-fixes-ptolemy

Question 4

Johannes Kepler (Sci)

Answer 4

Used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets, showed the planets move in oval shaped orbits

Question 5

Tycho Brahe (Sci)

Answer 5

Provided evidence to support Copernicus’ heliocentric theory, collected much accurate data

Question 6

Galileo Galilei (Sci)

Answer 6

assembled the first telescope, found mountains on the moon

Question 7

Francis Bacon (Sci)

Answer 7

Believed in impurical data, which means we don’t know if something is true until it is proven (inductive reasoning)

THERE IS SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE FOR BACON BEING GOOD

Question 8

Andreas Vesalius (Sci)

Answer 8

wrote a detailed book on human anatomy

Question 9

Deism (Enl)

Answer 9

belief in a god, but not a certain religion; god created the universe but does not influence or interact with life

Question 10

Utilitarianism (Enl)

Answer 10

the greatest good for the greatest number

Question 11

What did Jean Jacques Rousseu believe? (Enl)

Answer 11

the Renaissance/Enlightenment are corrupting, a simple life is more effective; wrote The Social Contract

Suprising based on how long his name is

Question 12

Denis Diderot (Enl)

Answer 12

Believed all things must be examined and investigated, opposite of Rousseu (morals>feeling), wrote the encyclopedia

Question 13

What were salons during the enlightenment? (Enl)

Answer 13

Meetings of philosophers where ideas were discussed, often lead by women

Question 14

Thomas Hobbes (Enl)

Answer 14

Wrote the Leviathan, believed a stable, but authoritarian society is better than a rule-free society

Question 15

John Locke (Enl)

Answer 15

“Two Treatesies of Government, natural rights: life, liberty, and property. Humans possess free will (upsets the nobility)

Question 16

How did absolutism differ in western and eastern Europe? (Abs)

Answer 16

Western Europe: serfdom abolished, weak nobility, strong middle class
Eastern Europe: serfdom reestablished, powerful nobility, weak middle class

Question 17

How did serfdom look in Eastern Europe during the 16th and 17th century? (Sci)

Answer 17

In eastern Europe, nobles confiscated peasant lands, hereditary serfdom was reestablished in Poland, Russia, and Prussia

Question 18

Austrian prominent family who ruled the Holy Roman Empire and had influence during the 16th century (Sci)

Answer 18

Habsburgs

Question 19

What was the Pragmatic Sanction? (Sci)

Answer 19

Charles VI uses this to keep his family line going, he bequeaths his inheritance and rule of Austria to his oldest daughter, Maria Theresa

Question 20

Who would inherit Charles VI’s Empire after the Pragmatic Sanction? (Sci)

Answer 20

His oldest daughter, Maria Theresa

Question 21

Fredrick William the Great Elector (Abs)

Answer 21

Member of the Hohenzollern family, duke of Prussia during 1648 to 1688, elector of Brandenburg, granted religious toleration to Jews

Question 22

Who were the Junkers in Prussia? (Abs)

Answer 22

Landed nobility who held large estates

Question 23

True or false: Prussia was also basically the German empire (Abs)

Answer 23

true

Question 24

Absolutist elector of Prussia, part of the Hohenzollern family (Abs)

Answer 24

Fredrick William

Question 25

Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) (Abs)

Answer 25

First Russian monarch to be crowned tsar, (1547-1585), defeated the remnants of the mongol power

Question 26

Seven Years War (Abs)

Answer 26

Cause: Maria Theresa (Austria) wants Selesia back from Prussia Goal: France, Austria, and Russia conquer Prussia and break it up - Britain is allied with Prussia, opposing France, which was it's rival overseas in the Americas (French and Indian war) -Prussia will be saved by Britain, Britain comes out on top and gains power over the other European nations and France -Treaty of Parris ends the seven years war

Question 27

Catherine the Great (Abs)

Answer 27

Ruler of Russia after her husband, Peter III is assassinated, creates hospitals, originally of Prussian(German) decent

Question 28

Pugachev rebellion (Abs)

Answer 28

Takes place in Russia during the rule of Catherine the Great, man leads a large serf rebellion claiming to be Peter III, damages Catherine's reputation

Question 29

What did Catherine the Great do for Russia? (Abs)

Answer 29

Solidified the nobility's place, worsened peasant's place, improved the government, spread the enlightenment

Question 30

What was the Charter of the Nobility in Russia during the reign of Catherine the Great? (Abs)

Answer 30

Forced Catherine to give the nobility what they wanted

Question 31

Who was Suleiman the Magnificent, what did he rule, and what did he do? (Abs)

Answer 31

Ottoman Empire reached it's height under him, he leads the siege of Vienna, but fails to capture it

Question 32

Janissaries

Answer 32

Christian slaves trained for military, used in Ottoman forces

Question 33

Enclosure movement

Answer 33

End to common lands and open-field system

Question 34

What were the reasons for the population explosion after 1750?

Answer 34

agricultural revolution, disappearance of the plague, improved sanitation

Question 35

What was the putting-out system?

Answer 35

city manufacturers took advantage of cheaper labor in the countryside

Question 36

James Hargreaves

Answer 36

Invented the spinning jenny