Semester 1 Final Review Flashcards
Renaissance
In Europe during the 14th century, people began the shift from religious and traditional thinking, to a more radical approach. For example, Petrarch, a philosopher during this time, is credited with being the “father of humanism.”
Difference between Renaissance and northern renaissance
Northern Renaissance geared more toward religious artwork and creations
Humanist
emphasized the study of classical history and literature as the foundation for education
Secularism
Secularism is the belief that religion should be separated from the state. One example of someone who promoted secularism was Jean Bodin.
Individualism
(Renaissance), stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and full development of one’s talents and capabilities, quest for glory
civic humanism
Modeled on Cicero, the belief that it was an intellectual’s civic duty to be involved in politics and help the communtiy.
Machine invented by Johannes Gutenburg, helped produce text
printing press
Vernacular
The common language of the people
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was the uprising of new religious ideas which countered the traditional Catholic ideas of the time. The protestants believed in the opposition to indulgences and the favored offices in the church.
Patronage of the Arts
Patronage of the arts was the support financially of rich people to art commissions. These people would donate money to artists to promote more art and sculpture.
mannerism
marked by elongated, twisted, and artificial poses, and the use of unusual color combinations, asymmetry, and unexpected perspectives. The art of the Mannerism period is characterized by a deliberate departure from the classical ideals of balance, harmony and proportion
baroque
Baroque art was Catholic propaganda which was often in an art form to influence the illiterate and promote feelings of guilt and happiness.
developed the idea of the heliocentric universe. This meant that the planets orbited around the sun, contrary to the previous belief that the universe orbited around the earth.
Copernicus
developed the first telescope and observed the moon, Venus, and various planets’ orbits.
Galileo
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon was a philosopher who pushed the scientific method and studied how experiments could be operated.
scepticist who coined the phrase, “I think, therefore I am.” He viewed the world as separated and pondered how reality really worked.
Rene Descartes
belief that women, and some men, who acted in any suspicious way according to the Catholic church, were witches and conformed with the devil
witchcraft
coined “the father of humanism” for his ideas upon the human race and their capabilities. He is known for being a poet and humanist.
Petrarch
wrote The Prince, which was instructions on how monarchs should rule. He was a humanist, and stated that monarchs should do what is necessary to keep power in a nation.
Machiovelli
Theorist who believed that sovereign power consisted of the right to make laws, tax, administer justice, control the state’s administrative system, and determine foreign policy.
Jean Bodin
wrote the Courtier and explained the role of women in society. He states that women should have the purpose of male entertainment and should be kept relatively silent.
Castiglione
artist during the Renaissance. He is known for his works such as painting the dome of the Sistine Chapel, the sculpture David, and the Creation of Adam.
Michelangelo
Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years War was a battle between most of the countries in Europe which resulted in extravagant amounts of bloodshed, but little change. Ending with the Peace of Westphalia, some changes such as the gaining of French American territories resulted.
Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia was the treaty which ended the Thirty Years War. It resulted in little change, however, brought an end to the battles fought among Europe.
The Prince (Machiovelli)
The Prince by Machiavelli was a document which described how a monarch should rule. He argued that monarchs must take the necessary steps to maintain their power, even if it meant negative actions.
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives
bureaucracy
English Civil War
The English civil war was a dispute between the supporters of two different types of government; the monarchy, and a new Parliament, where representatives ruled.
new form of government which emerged from the English civil war. This government was ruled by representatives instead of monarchy.
Parliament
Ferdinand and Isabella
Ferdinand and Isabella were the monarchs of Spain. They had a joint rule, and influenced the voyage of Christopher Columbus.
Star Chamber (Henry VII of England)
The Star Chamber was a courtroom used by Henry VII for serious cases that could not be held in normal courtrooms. The Star Chamber was separate from the original government assessments which existed.
Peace of Augsburg 1555
The Peace of Augsburg states that the princes of individual states had the choice to choose between Lutheranism or Catholicism to be the religion of that state. This was to keep peace due to religious conflicts in Europe.
Edict of Nantes 1598
The Edict of Nantes was important because it granted religious tolerance to Protestant religions. It gave freedom to worship without punishment.
James I (England)
James I became the king of England after the death of Elizabeth. He was originally king of Scotland and did not do much to improve the English state.
Charles I (England)
Charles I was the king of England, and he strongly disproved the English Parliament. The parliament was angry at his absolutist rule and charged him for treason.
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell is famous for leading the Commonwealth and fighting for a representative government in England. He claimed a Parliament was necessary for fair governing.
Constitutional Monarchy
A constitutional monarchy is a monarchy which still holds meetings of the Parliament to discuss matters. In this government, the king or queen does not make all decisions.
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution was the time period in which Mary and William of Orange ruled England. They were forced to give rights to the Parliament, however, the revolution was successful and bloodless.
Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Richelieu was the chief minister of France, and helped rule France when Louis XIII was still a child. He also strongly supported the dominance of the king in Europe.
The Fronde:
a series of civil wars in France 1648-53, in which the nobles whose power had been weakened by the policies of Cardinal Richelieu rose in rebellion against Mazarin and the court during the minority of Louis XIV.
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was the emergence of religious ideas which were slightly different from the traditional Catholic church of the time. Protestants revolted against propaganda used by the church, such as the sale of indulgences and the requirement to attend services.
Erasmus
Erasmus supported the reformation of the church by criticizing the Catholic church. He stated that the church abused its power, and wanted to reform the church by creating fairer church offices and teachings.
Martin Luther
Martin Luther played a large role in the reformation of the church. He posted the 95 Theses on the church doors, which stated his complaints with the Catholic church, including the sale of indulgences.
95 Theses
The 95 Theses was a list of “problems” with the Catholic church, posted by Martin Luther. It spoke out against things such as the sale of indulgences, inherited church offices, and required services.
John Calvin
John Calvin believed in predestination, which was the belief that God already determined whether Christians would go to Heaven, and what they would do in their lives. He established the Calvinist religion, which was a reformed religion.
What made anabaptists different from other religions?
They baptized adults
Catholic Reformation/Counter Reformation
The Catholic Reformation was the response to the Protestant Reformation, which was where Catholics attempted to crush the changes in religion. The Catholic religion was reformed to appeal to the Protestants and citizens.
