Semester 1 Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
Renaissance
A
In Europe during the 14th century, people began the shift from religious and traditional thinking, to a more radical approach. For example, Petrarch, a philosopher during this time, is credited with being the “father of humanism.”
2
Q
Difference between Renaissance and northern renaissance
A
Northern Renaissance geared more toward religious artwork and creations
3
Q
Humanist
A
emphasized the study of classical history and literature as the foundation for education
4
Q
Secularism
A
Secularism is the belief that religion should be separated from the state. One example of someone who promoted secularism was Jean Bodin.
5
Q
Individualism
A
(Renaissance), stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and full development of one’s talents and capabilities, quest for glory
6
Q
civic humanism
A
Modeled on Cicero, the belief that it was an intellectual’s civic duty to be involved in politics and help the communtiy.
7
Q
Machine invented by Johannes Gutenburg, helped produce text
A
printing press
8
Q
Vernacular
A
The common language of the people
9
Q
Protestant Reformation
A
The Protestant Reformation was the uprising of new religious ideas which countered the traditional Catholic ideas of the time. The protestants believed in the opposition to indulgences and the favored offices in the church.
10
Q
Patronage of the Arts
A
Patronage of the arts was the support financially of rich people to art commissions. These people would donate money to artists to promote more art and sculpture.
11
Q
mannerism
A
marked by elongated, twisted, and artificial poses, and the use of unusual color combinations, asymmetry, and unexpected perspectives. The art of the Mannerism period is characterized by a deliberate departure from the classical ideals of balance, harmony and proportion
12
Q
baroque
A
Baroque art was Catholic propaganda which was often in an art form to influence the illiterate and promote feelings of guilt and happiness.
13
Q
developed the idea of the heliocentric universe. This meant that the planets orbited around the sun, contrary to the previous belief that the universe orbited around the earth.
A
Copernicus
14
Q
developed the first telescope and observed the moon, Venus, and various planets’ orbits.
A
Galileo
15
Q
Francis Bacon
A
Francis Bacon was a philosopher who pushed the scientific method and studied how experiments could be operated.
16
Q
scepticist who coined the phrase, “I think, therefore I am.” He viewed the world as separated and pondered how reality really worked.
A
Rene Descartes
17
Q
belief that women, and some men, who acted in any suspicious way according to the Catholic church, were witches and conformed with the devil
A
witchcraft
18
Q
coined “the father of humanism” for his ideas upon the human race and their capabilities. He is known for being a poet and humanist.
A
Petrarch
19
Q
wrote The Prince, which was instructions on how monarchs should rule. He was a humanist, and stated that monarchs should do what is necessary to keep power in a nation.
A
Machiovelli
20
Q
Theorist who believed that sovereign power consisted of the right to make laws, tax, administer justice, control the state’s administrative system, and determine foreign policy.
A
Jean Bodin
21
Q
wrote the Courtier and explained the role of women in society. He states that women should have the purpose of male entertainment and should be kept relatively silent.
A
Castiglione
22
Q
artist during the Renaissance. He is known for his works such as painting the dome of the Sistine Chapel, the sculpture David, and the Creation of Adam.
A
Michelangelo
23
Q
Thirty Years War
A
The Thirty Years War was a battle between most of the countries in Europe which resulted in extravagant amounts of bloodshed, but little change. Ending with the Peace of Westphalia, some changes such as the gaining of French American territories resulted.
24
Q
Peace of Westphalia
A
The Peace of Westphalia was the treaty which ended the Thirty Years War. It resulted in little change, however, brought an end to the battles fought among Europe.
25
The Prince (Machiovelli)
The Prince by Machiavelli was a document which described how a monarch should rule. He argued that monarchs must take the necessary steps to maintain their power, even if it meant negative actions.
26
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives
bureaucracy
27
English Civil War
The English civil war was a dispute between the supporters of two different types of government; the monarchy, and a new Parliament, where representatives ruled.
28
new form of government which emerged from the English civil war. This government was ruled by representatives instead of monarchy.
Parliament
29
Ferdinand and Isabella
Ferdinand and Isabella were the monarchs of Spain. They had a joint rule, and influenced the voyage of Christopher Columbus.
30
Star Chamber (Henry VII of England)
The Star Chamber was a courtroom used by Henry VII for serious cases that could not be held in normal courtrooms. The Star Chamber was separate from the original government assessments which existed.
31
Peace of Augsburg 1555
The Peace of Augsburg states that the princes of individual states had the choice to choose between Lutheranism or Catholicism to be the religion of that state. This was to keep peace due to religious conflicts in Europe.
32
Edict of Nantes 1598
The Edict of Nantes was important because it granted religious tolerance to Protestant religions. It gave freedom to worship without punishment.
33
James I (England)
James I became the king of England after the death of Elizabeth. He was originally king of Scotland and did not do much to improve the English state.
34
Charles I (England)
Charles I was the king of England, and he strongly disproved the English Parliament. The parliament was angry at his absolutist rule and charged him for treason.
35
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell is famous for leading the Commonwealth and fighting for a representative government in England. He claimed a Parliament was necessary for fair governing.
36
Constitutional Monarchy
A constitutional monarchy is a monarchy which still holds meetings of the Parliament to discuss matters. In this government, the king or queen does not make all decisions.
37
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution was the time period in which Mary and William of Orange ruled England. They were forced to give rights to the Parliament, however, the revolution was successful and bloodless.
38
Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Richelieu was the chief minister of France, and helped rule France when Louis XIII was still a child. He also strongly supported the dominance of the king in Europe.
39
The Fronde:
a series of civil wars in France 1648-53, in which the nobles whose power had been weakened by the policies of Cardinal Richelieu rose in rebellion against Mazarin and the court during the minority of Louis XIV.
40
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was the emergence of religious ideas which were slightly different from the traditional Catholic church of the time. Protestants revolted against propaganda used by the church, such as the sale of indulgences and the requirement to attend services.
41
Erasmus
Erasmus supported the reformation of the church by criticizing the Catholic church. He stated that the church abused its power, and wanted to reform the church by creating fairer church offices and teachings.
42
Martin Luther
Martin Luther played a large role in the reformation of the church. He posted the 95 Theses on the church doors, which stated his complaints with the Catholic church, including the sale of indulgences.
43
95 Theses
The 95 Theses was a list of “problems” with the Catholic church, posted by Martin Luther. It spoke out against things such as the sale of indulgences, inherited church offices, and required services.
44
John Calvin
John Calvin believed in predestination, which was the belief that God already determined whether Christians would go to Heaven, and what they would do in their lives. He established the Calvinist religion, which was a reformed religion.
45
What made anabaptists different from other religions?
They baptized adults
46
Catholic Reformation/Counter Reformation
The Catholic Reformation was the response to the Protestant Reformation, which was where Catholics attempted to crush the changes in religion. The Catholic religion was reformed to appeal to the Protestants and citizens.
47
missionaries for the Catholic church. These missionaries influenced the people by using propaganda and guilt to convince them to turn to the Catholic church.
jesuits
48
Council of Trent
The Council of Trent was a gathering of the Catholic church for the purpose of reforming certain areas of the doctrine and bringing more people to the religion.
49
king of England during the Tudor era. He had 6 wives, and brought peace to England after the 100 Years War.
Henry VIII (England)
50
Elizabeth I (England)
Elizabeth I of England was a tolerant and strong monarch of England; she allowed religious freedom, executed queen Mary of Scotts, and successfully held off the Spanish Armada.
51
French Wars of Religion:French Wars of Religion
In France, the people were separated by religion; mainly Catholicism and Protestantism (Huguenots). In the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, over 2000 Huguenots were killed as a Catholic attack.
52
Edict of Nantes 1598
effectively ended the French Wars of Religion by granting official tolerance to Protestantism
53
Sir Thomas More
Sir Thomas Moore was the chancellor for Louis XIII and vowed to protect the Catholic church from becoming weaker. He would later oppose Louis and be executed.
54
the sale of documents which “promised” the freeing of souls from Purgatory. These were sold by the church and were used to raise money for debt.
indulgences
55
the favoring of family and the wealthy for hiring jobs, not based on skill or worthiness.
Nepotism
56
when a certain official held more than one church office at a time, even though they would do minimal to no work at all, and collect the income.
Pluralism
57
Ursulines
The ursulines were an order of women in the Catholic church who became missionaries and taught other women in convents.
58
Roman Inquisition
The Roman Inquisition was a prosecution of the church against Protestantism and anyone who spoke heresy of the church.
59
The Index of Prohibited Books
The Index of Prohibited Books was a list of books which the Roman Catholic church claimed were not to be read by punishment of excommunication.
60
Spanish Inquisition
The Spanish Inquisition was when the Catholic church sent out people to execute Protestants and people who committed heresy against the church. This was seen as an ethnic cleansing.
61
Book of Common Prayer (and who wrote it?)
Written by Thomas Crammer, the Book of Common prayer was a guideline on prayer and services in England.
62
Huguenots
Huguenots were the Protestant people of Europe. These protestants believed in reforming the Catholic church and had different views on topics such as saints, the sales of indulgences, and church services and offices.
63
Puritans
Puritans were religious people who split from the Catholic church because they believed in simpler worship and religious practice.
64
Catherine de Medici
Catherine de Medici was the queen of France. She influenced the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, and was extremely Catholic and intolerant to Huguenots.
65
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre was when thousands of Huguenots were killed, under the orders of Catherine de Medici. The Catholics believed the Protestants worshiped falsely and took away the power of the Catholic church.
66
War of the Three Henries
The War of the Three Henrys was one of the French Wars of religion. Involving Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry de Lorraine, it began with the Treaty of Nemours, which got rid of Protestantism.
67
Henry IV (France)
Henry IV of France, once known as Henry of Navarre, was called the “good king” because of the improvements he made for the people of France. He ended up converting to Catholicism for political reasons
68
Charles V (HRE)
Charles V was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain. He wanted to have religious stability in Europe, but failed because of Protestantism and its growth.
69
Philip II (Spain)
Philip II of Spain was the king of Spain, He married Mary I and helped Spain to prosper. He was the son of Charles V.
70
Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years War was a battle between most of the countries in Europe which resulted in extravagant amounts of bloodshed, but little change. Ending with the Peace of Westphalia, some changes such as the gaining of French American territories resulted.
71
Spanish Armada
The Spanish Armada was a naval fleet that sailed to England because of religious conflict. The English defeated the armada because of previously known knowledge of their plans.
72
Age of Exploration
The Age of Exploration was the time period in which Europeans began to explore beyond their continent, overseas and farther distances. These places included the New World (North America), southern Africa, and west Asia.
73
Three "reasons" for exploration
God, Gold, Glory
74
Mercantilism
Mercantilism was the trade practice of a mother country exporting more than they would import. This was important because it guaranteed greater wealth for the country.
75
Cartography
Cartography was the practice of drawing and measuring accurate maps of the Earth and places. Cartographers were required to have extensive knowledge upon the geography of the Earth.
76
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. From Europe, goods, diseases, and slaves were sent to the Americas. In return, the New World brought vast natural resources and gold.
77
African slave trade
The African slave trade was the enslavement of Native Africans, from which they would be shipped as “cargo” between the Americas and Europe. These slaves would be used to labor for natural resources such as gold, silver, sugar, rubber, and crops.
78
Lateen rig
The lateen rig was a new shape of sail used for ships and trade in exploration. It allowed for faster and lighter movement of ships.
79
Family Banking houses
Family Banking Houses were banks that were run by illustrious family lines in Europe. These people would be very wealthy and control most of the money which went into the bank.
80
Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence agriculture was the growing of crops, not for sale or trade, but for the living of the people of one area. This meant that peasants only grew the food which they would need to survive.
81
Price Revolution
The Price revolution was the time period in which the value of money went down, especially in Spain, due to inflation and high resources from the New World.
82
The Dutch east India Company
The Dutch East India company was a very powerful trading empire which got its power through trade in Asia. It dominated the British East India company and used overseas trade for better income.
83
Enclosure movement
The enclosure movement was an act of closing off privately owned lands and pastures with fences and walls. These “enclosures” would ensure marked land ownership and availability.
84
Absolute monarchy
Absolute monarchy was the claim by kings and queens in Europe that they had absolute power over their countries/nations. Absolute monarchs largely denied the idea of representative governments and often claimed to be ordained by god.
85
Louis XIV
King Louis XIV of France was an absolute monarch who was titled “the Sun King.” He claimed to have divine right, and gained power over almost all of the people in France, including the nobility.
86
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Jean-Baptise Colbert worked under king Louis XIV. He supported the idea of making France self dependent on trade goods.
87
Partition of Poland
The Partition of Poland was the result of tension between the countries of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The countries did not wish to engage in a war, so they decided upon splitting the land of Poland instead.
87
Peter the Great (Russia)
Peter the Great hugely westernized Russia. He built St. Petersburg, which was a European-based city in Russia, and he also created the first Russian navy.
88
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution was the ascension by Mary II and William of Orange to the throne of England. The two rulers would have less power due to the newly formed Parliament, however, they would bring a strong era to England.
89
Battle of Vienna
The battle of Vienna was the attempt by the Ottomans to overtake and defeat the Holy Roman empire
90
Louis XIV’s wars
These wars, fought by Louis XIV, included the War of Devolution, the Dutch War, the War of the Peace of Augsburg, and the War of Spanish succession. The purpose of these wars was to gain territory and power over France.
91
Anglo-French rivalry
This was a rivalry between France and England over colonies in the New World.
92
French Revolution
The French Revolution was a revolt of the French lower classes due to poor living conditions, taxation, and treatment. The Third Estate, which consisted of the peasants and workers, vowed to make their own constitution and overthrow the monarchy.
93
Liberal Phase of the FR
The liberal phase of the French Revolution was the time period after the overthrow of the monarchy where France was ruled by a legislative government
94
Execution of Louis XVI
Louis XVI was executed by the people of France because he was convicted of treason. The people no longer supported the monarchy, and Louis tried to escape, and failed.
95
Jacobin Republic
The Jacobin Republic was an organization of French people during the French Revolution who defended the government and helped the Revolution to succeed.
96
Robespierre
Maximilian Robespierre defended the French Revolution by executing any French peoples who spoke ill of the revolution with the guillotine. He was the most influential reason for the Reign of Terror.
97
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror was the time period in which hundreds of French people were executed on the guillotine and other tactics under the orders of Maximillian Robespierre.
98
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Toussaint L’Ouverture was the leader and general of the Haitian Revolution. He led the hundreds of black slaves in Haiti to flee and revolt against their owners, and later went on to lead other armies as a general.
99
Haitian Revolution
The Haitian Revolution was the uprising in Haiti by the black slave workers on the island. Led by Toussaint L-Ouverture, they successfully were granted freedom by its mother country. They were also heavily influenced by the French Revolution.
100
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte was a French general who rose through the ranks to eventually become the self-crowned emperor of France. He would have many successful battles, and his goal was to gain territory across Europe, until he was defeated at the battle of Waterloo.
101
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a series of meetings which were held to discuss how Europe could ensure peace after the French Revolution and other wars which took major blows to Europe.
102
Frederick II (Prussia)
Frederick II of Prussia was a very powerful military leader. He used his military expertise to enlarge Prussia’s army, and to take territories for the country. He also improved the government of Prussia by allowing more social equality within.
103
English Bill of Rights
The English Bill of Rights was a document written by the Parliament which stated the freedoms and rights of the English people, especially the nobility. The reason for this bill was the oppression which resulted from the absolutist rule in England.
104
Maria Theresa (Austria)
Maria Theresa was the ruler of Austria and other countries, and was fairly enlightened. She was a powerful ruler, however, lost the territory of Silesia to Fredrick the Great.
105
War of the Austrian Succession
The war of Austrian succession began when Fredrick II invaded Silesia, which was a territory that belonged to Maria Theresa of Austria. Prussia would end up winning the war, gaining the territory.
106
Frederick William I (Prussia)
Frederick William I of Prussia was known as the “Soldier King” because of his military expertise and his improvements to the Prussian army. He also succeeded in the Silesian wars.
107
War of the Spanish Succession
The war of Spanish Succession was caused by the unknown heir to Charles II after he died to the throne. Charles had willed his territories to Louis XIV’s grandson.
108
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was a document which stated the rights and liberties of the people of France after the French revolution.
109
Constitution of 1791
The constitution of 1791 was the constitution of France after the French Revolution. It stated the rights of the people, but mainly converted France back into a monarchy.
110
Jean-Paul Marat
Jean Paul Marat was a radicalist during the French Revolution who called to get rid of all those opposing the revolution.
111
Committee of Public Safety
The Committee of Public Safety was an organization and cabinet which protected France from outsiders and strengthened the revolution. They oversaw laws and the new representative government.
112
Law of the General Maximum
The Law of General Maximum was a law in France which limited the prices of items and food so it could be equally distributed among all of the people in France.
113
Levee en Masse
Levee en Masse was a term which meant the gathering of men and forces that were able to fight in order to create a large enough army for combat.
114
March on Versailles
The March on Versailles was the response of the peasant women in France to food prices and shortages. They were angry about the wealthiness of the nobility, such as Marie Antionette and Louis XVI.
115
Concordat of 1801
The Concordat of 1801 allowed Catholics in France freedom to worship. It was an agreement between Napoleon and the Pope, and gave Napoleon yet more power.
