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exam6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What stain would you use for genus Mycobacterium?

A

acid-fast stain

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2
Q

What genus will stain as an acid fast bacilli?

A

Mycobacterium

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3
Q

How does Genus Mycobacterium look?

A

thin, straight rods, tend to clump

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4
Q

How is Genus Mycobacterium classified?

A

growth rates

colonial colors

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5
Q

If you were to run a gram stain on Genus Mycobacterium, how would it stain?

A

gram positive

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6
Q

What type of media is required to grow mycobacterium in a lab?

A

selective media such as Lowenstein agar, Middlebrook agar

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7
Q

Describe the cell wall of genus mycobacterium.

A

complex waxes

long chained fatty acids “mycolic acids”

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8
Q

What is the mycobacterium quality that makes the cell wall difficult to stain and difficult to decolorize when you get it stained?

A

the presence of long chained fatty acids “mycolic acids” and waxes in the cell wall

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9
Q

Why does genus mycobacterium need a selective media?

A

mycobacterium has a slow growth rate of the pathogenic species

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10
Q

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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11
Q

What is the primary lesion of someone who is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

tubercle

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12
Q

How is mycobacterium tuberculosis spread?

A

pulmonary, through aerosols (droplets)

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13
Q

When someone is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis, what is causing most of the damage? What is being inhibited?

A

damage: macrophages
inhibited: lysosomal fusion (the phagosome and lysosome will NOT come together)

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14
Q

Is mycobacterium tuberculosis phagocytized?

A

YES

BUT the fusion of the phagosome and lysosome is INHIBITED

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15
Q

What are the virulence factors of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

cording factor

cell wall lipids

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16
Q

What bacteria is associated with the Ghon complex?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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17
Q

Describe a Ghon complex.

A

macrophages surround the organism, leading to central caseous necrosis/ lesions

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18
Q

Why do calcified lesions develop in someone suffered from untreated mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

The body doesn’t like holes in tissues. This is the body trying to fill in where there has been macrophage damage because they have been trying to do their job.

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19
Q

If you are needing to differentiate an image you see on an X-ray from TB or a fungal infection, what test should you order?

A

acid fast stain

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20
Q

A positive result of a TB skin test is what hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type 4 (delayed)

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21
Q

What does PPD stand for?

A

purified protein derivative

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22
Q

If you have a positive skin test for TB, does that mean you HAVE TB?

A

It means you have been exposed

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23
Q

Which TB skin test is done by sticking the antigen into the skin?

A

HINT: like stabbing someone with FORK

Tine test

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24
Q

Which TB test is done by injected a little but of antigen under the skin?

A

Mantoux Test

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25
If you see a lump of induration after the initial poke from your TB test, what does that indicate?
positive skin test
26
What would be the next step if someone comes back with a positive TB skin test?
get chest x-ray
27
What does XRTB stand for?
extremely resistant TB
28
How would a case of mycobacterium tuberculosis be treated?
long term (6-9 months) combination of antibiotics
29
What organism is used as a vaccine against mycobacterium tuberculosis?
mycobacterium bovis
30
What is the BCG vaccine problematic?
gives permanent positive skin test
31
What does BCG vaccine stand for?
Bacille Calmette Guerin
32
What organism may cause respiratory disease in cows?
mycobacterium bovis
33
How is mycobacterium bovis spread to humans?
through unpasturized milk
34
When would you need to be concerned about mycobacterium bovis?
with cows outside of the USA and those unpasteurized milk products
35
What organism has the reservoir of armadillos?
Mycobacterium leprae
36
What is the reservoir of Mycobacterium leprae?
armadillos
37
What is the causative agent for Hansen's disease?
Mycobacterium leprae
38
What disease does Mycobacterium leprae cause?
Hansen's disease (leprosy)
39
What environment does mycobacterium leprae prefer?
cooler areas of body | extremities, this is also why armadillos are the reservoir
40
What is damage seen with mycobacterium leprae?
``` damage is IMMUNE RELATED damage to extremities nerve damage bone reabsorption secondary infections ```
41
What are the forms of mycobacterium leprae?
lepromatous | tuberculoid
42
How is mycobacterium leprea treated?
sulfa drugs
43
Can you reverse the damage of mycobacterium leprae?
NO- ONCE DAMAGE IS DONE, IT CAN'T BE REVERSED
44
Does mycobacterium leprae grow easily in the lab?
NO- hence why virulence is poorly understood
45
What does pertussis mean?
cough
46
What is the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis?
Exotoxin that causes ADP ribosylation --> coughing reflexes stimulated
47
What is the causative agent of Whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis
48
What organism has ADP ribosylation that stimulates coughing relfex?
Bordetella pertussis
49
What are the phases of whooping cough?
prodromal paroxymal convalescence
50
How does the prodromal phase of whooping cough present?
sneezing coughing runny nose -non descript respiratory symptoms
51
How does the catarrhal phase of whooping cough present?
sneezing coughing runny nose -non descript respiratory symptoms
52
What is the Bordetella pertussis organism doing in the prodromal phase?
establishes in the upper respiratory tract | -NO indication that you have a serious disease
53
How does the paroxymal stage of whooping cough present?
uncontrolled coughing due to systemic exotoxin mucus production and vomiting anoxia (extreme form of hypoxia) ruptured ear drums
54
How does the convalescence phase of whooping cough present?
gradual recovery respiratory damage ear drum damage secondary infections
55
Compared to family Enterobacteriaceae, how do the the miscellaneous bacteria that are gram negative, oxidase positive, bacilli in size different?
THINNER than Enterobacteriacae | and OXIDASE POSITIVE
56
Is there a vaccine for Bordetella pertussis? | What is a problem with it?
Yes! Adults have started to experience mild pertussis cases in adults, they can transmit to unvaccinated babies/ adults. Boosters may be needed
57
What is the causative agent of bacterial pink eye?
Hemophilus aegyptius
58
What is the causative agent of epidemic purulent conjunctivitis?
Hemophilus aegyptius
59
You pick up your kid from daycare and notice that they are experiencing inflammation of the sclera with pus formation What organism do you suspect?
Hemophilus aegyptius
60
What does Hemophilus aegyptius cause? | )
bacterial pink eye (aka epidemic purulent conjunctivitis
61
What is the causative agent of chancroid?
Haemophilus ducreyi
62
What disease does Haemophilus ducreyi cause? | D
Chancroid uncommon STD
63
What disease do lesions of the organism Hermophilus ducreyi resemble?
syphilius
64
How would you differentiate between Hemophilus ducreyii and Treponema palladium?
run a silver impregnation stain and with the absence of spirochetes, then run a gram stain
65
What gram negative, thin bacilli causes meningitis, pneumonia, otitis media?
Hemophilus influenzae
66
Does hemophilus influenzae cause the flu?
NO- it is a secondary invader
67
Does hemophilus influenzae cause the flu?
NO- it is a secondary invader
68
What is the virulence factor of hemophilus influenzae?
polyribitol ribosyl phosphate capsule
69
Where does the carrier state exist for Hemophilus influenzae?
upper respiratory tract
70
What factors are needed to grow hemophilus influenzae in the lab?
X: hemin V: NAD
71
You are growing an organism on enriched media, you notice that it is satellite around staphylococcus aureus colonies. What organism do you suspect?
Hemophilus influenzae
72
What is the milder form of Legionnaires' disease?
Pontiac fever
73
What does Legionella pneumophila cause?
Legionnaire's disease
74
What amount of infectious dose does Legionella pneumophila need?
LARGE infectious dose, hence this organism is more likely to be in a compromised host
75
What organism would you expect to find in any of the following? cooling towers fountains misting devices air conditioners ANYTHING THAT SPRAYS WATER HINT: it infected elderly people at a convention that were all staying the same hotel
Legionella pneumonphila
76
What organism will cause pneumonia in compromised individuals after contaminated water droplets have been inhaled?
Legionella pneumonphila
77
What organism would you suspect to find in a health club, pools, hot tubs, saunas?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
78
What is the virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
exotoxin ADP ribosylation on EF 2
79
What organism has a sweet acetic acid smell?x
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
80
What organism has a pyocyanin pigment on agar?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
81
If a patient has cystic fibrosis and is using salt water spray as a therapy, what organism might this individual be at risk for if the medial equipment is not properly maintained?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
82
If a patient is a burn victim and is undergoing burn therapy with the use of Hubbard tanks to remove the dead skin, what organism might be an opportunist in this situation?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
83
Where would you find nosocomial pseudomonas aeruginosa?
medical equipment and water supply in the hospital that isn't properly maintained
84
What organism might you pick up from a hot tub?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
85
Anything that involves a water source can be contaminated with ______.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
86
``` What organisms are: gram negative oxidase positive thin bacilli ALL ZOONOSES? ```
Aeromonas Brucella Pasturella Francisella
87
What organism has a zoonosis of cold blooded animals (fish and frogs)?
Aeromonas hydrophilia
88
What organisms are associated with necrotizing fasciitis?
Vibrio vulinifcus Aeromonas hydrophilia From last exam: Streptococcus pyogenes Staphylococcus aureus
89
If you see a frog with red leg, what organism do you suspect?
Aeromonas hydrophilia
90
What is the zoonosis of Aeromonas hydrophilia?
cold blooded animals | fish and frogs
91
What organism has a zoonosis of cattle and bison?
Brucella abortus
92
What is the zoonosis of Brucella abortus?
cattle and bison
93
What can Brucella abortus cause in cattle?
abortion in cattle
94
How is Brucella abortus spread?
handling contaminated tissues (aborted cattle) | drinking unpasteurized
95
What organisms are associated with drinking unpasteurized milk?
Coxiella burnetii Mycobacterium bovis Brucella abortus Last Exam: Listeria monocytogenes milk
96
You are a ranchers near Yellowstone and notice that a cow is down in the field and has lost its calf. What organism is you main concern?
Brucella abortus
97
How would you distinguish Aeromonas hydrophilia from Vibrio vulnificus?
shape Aeromonas hydrophilia- thin bacilli Vibrio vulificus- curved bacilli
98
What is the zoonosis of Pasteurella multocida?
domestic animals (large food animals and domestic pets)
99
Where would Pasteurella multocida normally be found?
normal flora in oral cavity of dogs and cats
100
You have a patient come in and is experiencing fever and inflammation after being bitten by a dog or cat. What bacteria do you suspect?
Pasteurella multocida
101
What organism is associated with shipping fever in food animals?
Pasteurella multocida
102
What is the causative agent of tularemia?
Francisella tularensis
103
What is another term for tularemia?
rabbit fever
104
What is the zoonosis of Francisella tularensis?
``` wild animals (deer and rabbits) maybe even domesticated rabbits ```
105
How is Franisella tularensis spread?
many modes of transmission -handling of infected tissues can penetrate intact skin
106
What is the level of infectious dose of the Francisella tularensis?
low infectious dose
107
What organisms have ADP ribosylation toxins? (4)
Escherichia coli (fluid secretion) Vibrio cholera (fluid secretion) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (EF 2) Bordetella Pertussis (coughing reflex) Last Exam: Corynebacterium diphtheriae (EF 2)

Microbiology (12 decks)

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