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excretion quiz Flashcards

1
Q

different parts of excretory system

A

digestive system: produces urea from amino acids
resp system: co2 and water elimination
skin: excretes water and mineral ions

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2
Q

nirtgoen waste in aquotic, terrestrial and terrestiral egg layers

A

aquotic: afford to lose water, excretes ammonia (most toxic)
terrestrial: needs to conserve water, urea is less toxic
egg layers: need to conserve water protect emrbyoiness, uric acid least toxic

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3
Q

what are wastes

A

excess useless material body does not need them, buildup can be harmful

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4
Q

what are the three roles of exretory system

A
  1. removes wastes from blood
  2. maintains chemical composition of blood
    regulates levels of Na+ and K+
    maintains blood pH (7.4) with Hydorgen \
  3. maintains water balance in blood
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5
Q

kidneys

A

located in lower back
can live with just one
filters blood to produce urine

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6
Q

ureters

A
  • tubes that collect urine from kidneys, 28cm long
  • muscular: similar structure to esophagus
  • urine moves through by peristalisis
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7
Q

bladder

A
  • urine storage, two sphinaters control emptying
  • Inner spincter is controlled by brain
    -outer sphincter under voluntary control
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8
Q

urethra

A

tube through which urine exits the body
approx 20 cm long in males, 4cm long in females

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9
Q

what is the renal cortex

A

outerlayer of kidney
- shape and protection
contain part of nephrons

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10
Q

what is renal arteries

A

brings blood to kidneys, blood coming to kidney contains wastes
also contains oxygen, blood comes from the aorta

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11
Q

what is renal vien

A

carries cleaned blood from kidneyss
removes co2 from kidneys
low in o2 high in co2

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12
Q

what is renal medulla

A

second layer of kidneys
cointains nephrons, viltration/reaborption

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13
Q

what is renal pelvis

A

inner layer of kidneys
collects urine to funnel into ureter

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14
Q

what is neuphron and 3 roles

A
  • microsocipic tubules that filter and process urine
    1. filter: glomerous, bowmans capsule
    2. tube- loop of henle
    3. duct- collecting duct
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15
Q

main functions of neuphron

A
  • each kidney cointains approx 1 million
  • allows for reabosption of water and solutes back into blood stream
    maintains homeostasis
  • each part pf neuphon is responsible for removal and addition of certain substances
  • any soulutes not reabosred are excreted in urine
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16
Q

what is reabsorption

A

neuphron to blood

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17
Q

what is secretion

A

blood to neuprhon

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18
Q

movemt of blood

A

aorta
renal artery
afferent arteriole
glomerulus (group of capillaries)n
efferent arteriooles (leaves glomerous this way)
peritubular capillaries
venule
renal vein (exits kidney)
vena cava (back to heart

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19
Q

movement of urine

A

bowmans capsule
proximal xonculated tubule
descending loop of henle
assecding loop of henle
distal tubule
collecting duct
renal pelvis
ureter

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20
Q

what is the bowmans capsule

A

renal artery splits into glomerulus (caplillarys)
imperable to large molecules such as proteins
permeable to small proteins (waters ions) filtrates
higher pressure through affert arteriole—> low pressure in efferent arteriole

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21
Q

what is a duct

A

tubule empties into collecting ducts
resobsorbes water
filtrate that mains within duct is a suspension with waste solutes–> urine
solute/ water that is reabosrbed goes back to body through renal veins

22
Q

what is urea

A

amount of urea formed is portpoinal to amount of proteins consumed
in the liver excess proteins are converted to carbohydrates forming toxic ammonia as by product
ammonia + co2 = urea

23
Q

4 crucial process in urine formation

A
  1. glomerular filtration- moves water and small solutes from blood plasma to nephron
  2. tubule reabosption- reaborbs useful solutes (sodium) from nephron back into blood strea,
  3. tubular secretion- additional wastes move from capillary into nephron
  4. water reabosption - removes water from filtrate and returns to blood
24
Q

2 important factors to glomerular filtration

A
  1. capillaries in glomerlus are extra permebale due to tiny pore tissues in walls
    small molecules move out large proteins kept in
  2. blood pressure in 4x higher in this capillary bed then any other
    up to 2000L of water pass through kidneys each day
    - acts as high pressure filter allows only certain substances to enter bowans capsule
25
what is urine smell
smell comes from urea that passes through glomerous obtain more protein then cells require
26
key points to tubular reabosption
65% of filtrate that passes through proximal tubule is reabsorbed and returned to body active and passive transport mechanisms anions and water return to blood through diffusion and osmosis
27
proximial tubule
cells have mnay mitchondria provides energy for glucose and sodium active transport anions and water return to blood through diffusion and osmosis
28
loop of Henle
functions to further reasorb water and ions from filtrate
29
descending limb (loop of henle part) reabsorption
cells are permebale to water and only slightly permeable to ions/solutes as loops dips to the medulla surrounding environment gets saltier water moves out into surrounding capillaries
30
assceding limb thin porition
cells impermeable to water slightly permeable to ions/solutes sodium and chloride ions pass from the concentrated filtrate (inside) to capillaries through diffusion reabsobing more salt
31
asceding limb thick protion
sodium and chloride ions are removed from filrate by active transport this movement function to maintain saltiness of the medulla and make filtrate less concentrated then surrounding increases water reabsorption permeable to urea and sodium but no water
32
distale tubulbe
reabosption of sodium in distal tubule is done by active transport passive transport - abosprtion of negative ions occurs by electrical attraction decreased filtrate concentration triggers the movement of water out of tubule through osmosis potassium and hydrogen are actively transported into tubule (filtrate) and maintains blood pH drugs and metabolites are secreted into distal tubule
33
what is aldosterone
makes dital tubule more permebale to NaCl as a result water is also reabosrsbed to main osmotic gradient (indirect increase in water reabosption)
34
what is the collecting duct
the filtrate that enters the duct still contains a lot of water - cells are permeable to water - sodium is reabsorbed by active transport - collecting duct passes through salty medulla--> water moves out of iltrate via osmosis - direct reabosption of water
35
what is ADH (antidetric hormone)
increases permebaility of collecting ducts to H2O - alcholo an dcaffine decrease ADH creating water loss to much ADH increases blood pressure too little ADH results in dehyrdartion
36
what is dehydration caused by
perminablity of water water from distall tubule and collecting duct is increased due to increase in adrenal glands and decrease in ADH
37
tubular secretion and 3 parts it moves blood too
movement of wastes from blood into the: - proximal tubule - distal tubule - collecting duct of nephron some substances that are secreted are ammonia, and excess hydrogen/ minerals
38
what is pH controlled by
pH needs to stay at 7.4 1. acid-base buffering: adding hydrogen ions to bicardbonate uon to form carbonic acid and vise versa 2. breathing rate: increases breathing gernates more CO2 lowering blood pH 3. Secretion/ reabosption of hydoregn ions--> kidneys excrete H+ and rebaosrb HCO3- if blood is acidic and no neither if blood is too basic
39
what is retention and release of water controlled by
osmotic pressure: lots of solutes in blood and little water blood pressure: low blood pressure usually indicates low levels of water in blood
40
what is the hypothalamus
structure in brain that cointains speciallized cells called osomorecpetors and monitor osmotic pressure
41
what do osmorecpetors signal
posterior pituitary to either - promote of inhibited ADH release in blood stream - ADH targets collecting duct and distal tubule to reabsorb water back into the blood
42
what happens when a person is too dehydrated
blood is too conecntrated - osmotic pressure increases -osmoreceptors in brain signal pituitary in brain to release ADH - increase permeability of collecting duct - decrease urine output
43
what happens when a person is hydrated
- blood is dilute - osmotic pressure decreases - osmorecptors stop signalling the release of ADH - collecting duct becomes less permebeale - increase in urine output
44
what is aldosterone
- hormone made in adrenal glands - glands realease aldosterone is response to action of hormones from hypothalamus
45
what does aldosterone stimulate
- stimulates distal tubule and collecting tubule to reasorb sodium ions if conc is too low (followed by passive diffusive and osmosis of chloride ions and water) - stimulates secretion of potassium ions into distal and collecting duct if too much in blood ( high conc)
46
what is diabetes mellitus - how to test - symptoms
dectedt by urine anaylyis indiviudals who are unable to secrete insulin therefore cannot store glucose high concentrated of glucose more water also excreted EXTREME thirst and urine - can be detected with benedicts test
47
diabetes insipidus
ADH producing cells are destroyed, dramtic increase in urine output (up to 20L) decrease in rebaosrption of water have to drink huge amounts of water to maintain fluid balance
48
nephrosis
proteins/ large molecules enter nephron because damaged blood vessels molecules cannot be reabosrbed increase in urine production test urine with biruet test
49
nephritis
type of nephrosis where glomerluus is inflamed decrease in urine may see blood in pee
50
kidney stones
cyrstalline formations usally from excess calcium stones more then 2-3 mm can get stuck in utter caused by urinary tract infections or low water consumption or high mineral consumption
51
UTI
urniary tract infection most common problems can be viral or bacterial most painful during urination urge to urinate even when no urine present more common in women then men

Biology 20 (13 decks)

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