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muscles quiz Flashcards

1
Q

muscle functions

A

movement
movement of food along digestive tract
supports body
ruglating blood pressure
guarding exit and entrances of body
maintain body temp

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2
Q

human muscle cells

A

highly specialized to convert atp to kinetic energy

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3
Q

cadiac muscle cell

A

in the heart, continually working
stirated tubular and branched
each has a single nuclear
many mitochondria
contract involentary
found in heart walls

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4
Q

smooth muscles cell

A

non stirated
contract involuntary
sustains prolonged contraction with no fatigue
found in walls of internal organs such as arteries

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5
Q

skeletal muscle cells

A

stirated and tubular
contract voluntarily
usally attached to bones of skeleton through tendons
long, cylindrical and multi nucleated
each independent cell is stimulated by a branch from neutron

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6
Q

skeletal muscle function

A

1, support - oppresses forces of gravity
2. movement
3. maintain body temp- atp breakdown releases heat
4. protection- pads bones and cushions organs
5. stabilizes joints tendons help hold bones to joints

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7
Q

what is contraction of muucsles

A

shortening of the muscles, work

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8
Q

relaxation of muscles

A

lengthening of muscles no work

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9
Q

why are muscles found in pairs

A

one action always has a opposing action
bicep contracts- tricep relaxes

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10
Q

what is a muscle

A

organ surrounded by connective tissue
largest unit: attached to bone by tendons

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11
Q

muscle fibers

A

organized into larger bundles up to 20cm long
connective tissue wraps fibers

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12
Q

myofibris

A

thousands of cylindrical subunits

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13
Q

what does prefix myo mean

A

muscles

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14
Q

what is the sacrolemma

A

membrane of muscle fibres
regulates entry and exit of materials

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15
Q

what is the hiearchy of muscle structure

A

muscle–> muscle fibre bundle—> muscle fibre-> myofibrilis—> myofilaments

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16
Q

what is the sacromere

A

functional unit of a muscle
composed of myofilaments
contractile unit

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17
Q

myofilaments

A

protein structure responisble for muscle contractions

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of myofilaments

A

Actin- thin filament
Myosin- thick filament

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19
Q

4 parts to muscle cell

A

myoglobin, sacrolemma, sarcoplasma , sacroplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

what does prefix sacro mean

A

in the flesh (in the cell)

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21
Q

what is myoglobin

A

oxygen binding protein
stores oxygen for muscle contractions

22
Q

sacrolemma

A

membrane of muscle fibres
regulates entry and exit of materials

23
Q

sacroplasma

A

cytoplasma of muscle fibres
site of metabollic processes
contains myoglobin and glycogen

24
Q

sacroplasmic reticulum

A

smooth er in muscle fibres, stores calcium ions

25
what are actin composed of
- globular actin proteins - ion receptor proteins called troponin and tropomyosin
26
what are myosin composed of
2 polypeptide chains wrapped around each other each have globular heads
27
how do muscles contract
sliding filament model sliding of actin past myosin during muscle contractions
28
major steps during sliding filament modle
- calcium ions allow myosin heads to attach to actin - mysoin head flexes pulling on actin filament - myosin head relxes and unflexes via ATP - myosin reattches to actin further down the fibre - sacromere shortens causing muscle fibres to contract
29
how doe muscles relax (calcium ions)
tropomyosin blcoks myosin binding sites along actin molecules
30
how do muscles contract (calcium ions)
ions bind to troponion on action, causes tropomyosin to repostion and expose myosin binding sites
31
sliding filament theory
1. signal to muscle from nerve to contract 2. sacroplasmic recitcult releases calcium ions 3, calcium ions bind to troponin 4. when bound to calcium ions, troponin helps lift tropomyosin off of actin binding site 5. myosin heads attach and slide actin filaments closer together 6. ATP disloges myosin heads and they reset to attach again at new spot on actin 7. calcium is retuned to SR through active transport
32
3 methods to aquire atp for muscles
- creatine phosphate, no oxygen anerobic, only enough for 8 seconds of muscle activity - fermentation: no oxygen anerobic, glucose broken down into latic acid released as by products, last 2-3 min - aerobic cell resp: oxygen required, glucose completely oxided, forms many ATP molecules, long term energy
33
myoglobin
oxygen carrying molecule like hemoglobin only found in muscle cells, temporially stores oxygen
34
what is oxygen debt
athletes muscles demand more atp then can b provided - generates atp anerobically (fermentation) - atp is replensied areobically after exercise
35
what happens when atheltes train muscles
increase in mitochondria, increase in aerobic resperation, descrease amount of oxygen debt nessacry
36
isotonic contraction
tension (load) on muscle stays constant but length changes during movement
37
isometric contraction
no change in length of muscle even as tension increases length stays constant during contraction
38
origin of muscle
attachment that remains fixed
39
insertion of muscle
muscle attachment that moves
40
action of muscle
what joint movement muscle produces
41
latent period of eletricl impulse
time between stimulation and initation of contraction
42
contraction period ofelectrical impulse
muscle twitch
43
relaxation period of electrical impulse
muscle returns to normal length
44
what is summation
rapid, repetive stimuli add up and can cause larger contractions without relaxation
45
what is tetanus
maximal sustained contraction (contuies until fatigue)
46
what is fatigue
no contraction despite stimulation
47
slow twitch fibres type 1
takes longer ti contract (100ms) cointains more myoglobin, gives red colors to muscle, more blood, more mitochondria atp produced aerobically (oxygen) - do not fatigue as fast, high resistance to fatigue do not increase in size with training
48
fast twich fibres type 11X
fast contractions (7ms) - anaerobic atp (no oxygen) - glocygen rich white color - fatigue quick - low resistance to fatigue - increase in thickness
49
atrophy
reduction in size of muscle caused by inactivity, muscle size decrease can become permanent
50
hypertrophy
increase in muscle mass due to high intensity exercise or steriods

Biology 20 (13 decks)

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