unit B test Flashcards
what are the 4 levels of hierarchy
ecosystems- community of living organisms and the non living compents of their enviornement
community-interacting group of populations of different species within a given area example predato prey relations
population- group of indivuals of the same species living at the same place at the same time
individuals- single organisms within a ecosystem can study how abiotic factors affect the ecosystem
what is intraspecfic comp
same animal comp
what is interspecfic comp
against diff species
faqctors affecting terssestrial ecosystems
- soil- seen as a series of layers quainty of each layer affects ecosystem productivity (topsoil- upperlayer partially decmposed leaves and grass) (topsoil- under litter rocks and decaying plant and animal matter) (subsoil- more rocks with only small amounts of organic matter) (bedrock=- compsoed of rocks)
- avaiable water
- temperature
- sunlight varys between and within ecosystems
4 factors affect aqautic ecosystems
- Chemical enviornment: amount of disslved substance and oxygen
- Temp and sunlight: affected by depth of water and seasons
- water pressure : water is 800 times denser then air
- seasonal variations
-b wnter ice acvts as isulators enviornement underneath remains stable
- spring oxygen returns intp water
- summer upper level warms lower level cools
fall- water goes from warm to cool rotating oxygen in the bottom
abitoic limmiting factors
ambient temp
percipitation/humidity
length or growing seasons
amount of sunlight,
availibility of water
availibilty of nutrients
amount of oxyegn
- these factors determine size and distributions of populations
biotic limmiting factors
compettion for resources
predation
parasites
what is a habitat
area of place in biome with specific sets of charecterics
what is a range
geographical area where a speific species may be found
what is a niche
role a species play in its community
what are the 3 groups of taxonomony in our world
Archaea: unicellular, live in dangerous enviornments, reproduce asexually,
Bacteria: unicelluar, lack membrane bound nucleaus reproduce asexually
eukraya: unicellar-multicelluar (plants and animals) sexual reproductivioty membrane bound nulcueas
what is the hierarchy
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
what is genetic variations
naturally occoring genetic differences amoung indivuals of the same species premitting flexibility and survival of a population occors between and within species
what is intraspecific variation
occors as a result of sexual reproduction
variations giving a indiviual a better chance of survival
helps INVIDiDUAL
what are adaptations
inherited traits increasing organisms chance of surivial
structural- physical adpatations helping them survive or reproduce ex fur
physiological: helps organism with biological process ex callusus on hands
behavioral- action that helps organism survive ex: mating dance
*indivuals DO NOT adapat only way to adapt is if traits are present within a population
what are genetic mutations
variations exists because the genses in DNA can mutate, mutations are changes in intstructions from a gene
what is selective advantage and disadvantage
mutation is beneifical organism will likely survive and pass on traits
disadva- mutation is harmful organism will not adapt and will die does not pass on trait
what is natural selection
variation carrying some sort of advantage are more likely to be passed onto the offspring
these changes are driven by enviornmental change
acts on indiviuals
what does hypothesis vs theory mean
theory- explains why
hypotheiss provides an answer
what does lamarks theory reveal
discovered line of descent
belived very simple species were contiually sponitously created and then became more complex
belived that charecterics organisms aqquired during their life would be passed onto offspring “inheritence of aqquired characterics”
for example if you had strong muscles your baby would be strong
what is darwins theory
discovered indivudals with physical or behavioral advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce
competion for resources leads to survial of the fittest unfit indivuals die
what are the three observations from the theory of evolution by natural selection
1- indiviuals within any species exhibt many inherited variations
2- every generation produces for more offspring then can survive to reproduce
3- populations of species tend to remain stable in size
what are the three inferences from the theory of evolution by natural selection
1- indivduals of the same species are in constant struggle for survial
2- indiviuals with more favorable variations are more likely to survive and pass on these variations- NOT RANDOM this natural selection
3- since indivuals with more favourable variations contribute porportionally more off spring will inherit their favorable variations causing this variation to become more common (this is evolution)
what is evolution
acts on populationd
favourable traits become more common causing population to become genetically different
observed as signifigant changes in gene/ \DNA
based on pressures from environement
become so gentically diff they can no longer interbreed
