Resperation unit test Flashcards
1
Q
why do we need oxygen
A
for celluar resp
2
Q
where does CO2 come from
A
product of celluar resp and is not used by our cells
3
Q
function of the resp system
A
take in oxygen and release CO2 to the enviornment
4
Q
2 main requirments for respiration
A
- Large surface area: max o2 and co2 exchange rate
- Noist enviornment: dissolve O2 and CO2
5
Q
4 stages in respiration
A
- Breathing-inspiration (inhale) and expiration (exhale)
- External resp- exchange of gases between air and blood
- Internal resp- exchange of gases between blood and body tissues
- Cell Resp- energy relasing chemical reactions that take place within the cell
6
Q
functions of nassal passages
A
- air passes through and is warmed and moistened
- air passages are lined with cilliated cells, mucus cells
- cells moisten and filter incoming air
- ## mucus traps forgein invaders and sweep into pharynx when sneezed or coughed out
7
Q
functions of pharynx
A
- warmed air goes through passageway into resp system (throat)
- also carries food and water to digestive system
8
Q
functions of epiglottis
A
- air passes flap of cartilage that lies behind the tounge
- serves to close opening to tranchea when person swallows
9
Q
functions of glottis
A
- opening to trachea
- must be covered when swallowing in order to prevent food/ drink passing into lungs
10
Q
what is the larynx
A
- cointains vocal cords, glottis, epiglottis
- vocal cords contract/ vibrate when u speak
11
Q
what is the trachea
A
- carries air to lungs
-supported by rings of cartilage - lined with cilia and mucus secreting cells
- cilia beat 20x per minute to move trapped particles up tp pharynx
12
Q
smoking effect on cilia
A
shortened length and decresed beat frequency, less fluid
13
Q
function of bronchi (bronchus)
A
- just abouve heart
- trachea branches into 2 bronchi
- carry air from tracnhea to lungs
- supported by cartillagirous rings
- lined with cilia and mucus producing cells
14
Q
function if bronchioles
A
- sub divison of bronchi within each lung
- do not coitain cartillage
- lined with cilia and mucus providing cells
15
Q
function of alveoil (alveolus)
A
- end of terminal bronchioles
- tiny clusters of air sacs found at end of bronchioles
- site of gas exchange
16
Q
specialized straucture of alveoli for diffusion
A
- moist membrane
- large sa
- inner surface covered with single layer of lipid
- thin walls for diffusion
- immediatly next to pulmonary capillaries
-reduces surface tension allowing easy expansion to twice their size with each breath
17
Q
function of lungs
A
- primary organ of respiratory system
- divided into 2 lobes - right lung has three lobers where left lung only has 2 in order to make room for heart
18
Q
function of pleural membrane
A
- thin fluid filled mmebrane surrounding the lungs
- allows lungs to expand and contract with movement of the chest
19
Q
diaphragm function
A
dome shaped layer of muscle sperating the lungs (thoracas cavity) from stomach/liver (abdominal cavity)
works with lrub muscles to move air in and out of lungs
20
Q
what does breathing rely on
A
movement of gases from area of high pressure to area of low pressure
21
Q
what is inhaltion
A
intercoastal muscle contract lifting rib cages up and out, diaphragm contracts and pulls downwards as lung exapnds and air moves in
22
Q
what is exhalation
A
intercoastal muscles relax allowing rib cage to return to normal position diaphragm also moves upwards resuming its domed shape
as lung contract air moves out
23
Q
3 muscles for breathing
A
- diaphragm: dome shape layer of muscle sperating thoraic cavity from abdomen
- rib muscles: intercoastal muscles found between ribs, extend to diaphragm
- neck muscles: for deep and laboured breathing
24
Q
how does breathing occor
A
pressure difference between atmosphere and chest cavity determine movement of gases into and out of lungs
-atmospheric pressure: constant
- chest cavity may vary
HIGH to LOW pressure
25
steps to inspiration
- external rib muscles and diaphragm contract
- ribe cage moves up and outwards
- diaphragm downwards
- volume of thoraic cavity increase
- air pressure in lungs decrease
- air rushes in
* active process (use energy) where breath is drawn into lungs with air of muscle contraction*
26
steps to expiration
- rib cages moves down and inward
-diaphragm upward
- volume of thoaric cavity descreases
- air pressure in lungs increases
- air leaves the lungs
27
how does high acidity regulate breathing
excess CO2 dected by chemorecpetors in the brain
- stimulate nerve response to increase breathing
- expells more CO2 and acidity evntually decreases
28
how do low levels of oxygen regulate breathing
- dected by chemorecpetors in carotid artery
- sends nerve impulse in brain
- increase breathing rate= more oxygen
29
key points to manual breathing
- over ride mdeullar oblongata by thinking
if CO2 levels get to high medulla oblongaate (brain) take over
occurs when holding breath
30
gas exchange through external resp
occurs between alveoli and capillaries next to them
oxygen and Co2 must diffuse through larger kayer of cells lining alveolus and the layer of cells lining pulmonary arteries to enter/ exit the blood
- as blood moves away from body tissues it is oxygen poor and CO2 rich
as it moves from lung capillaries oxygen from the air in alveoli diffuses in capillaries and CO2 diffues out of the blood
- does not require energy
31
gas exchange through internal resp
- capillaries and body tissues
-oxygen diffues from the blood into oxygen poor tissues while CO2 diffuses from the tissues into the blood
32
internal resp: oxygen transport
99% is transported through hemoglobin reminder carried in plasma
oxyhemoglobin pases a tissue requiring oxygen, oxygen falls off and diffuses through capillary into tissues
Attaching of oxygen to hemoglobin is affect by:
- concentration of oxygen: increase oxygen, increase binidng
- ph: descrease ph, descrease binding
temp: increase temp, decsrease in binding
33
Internal resp: co2
co2 is more soluble in blood
buildup of CO2 in tissues CO2 will move out the tissues to the blood
23% carried by hemoglobin
7% in plasma
70% dissolved and carried by blood in form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
34
tidal volume
volume of air inhaled and exhaled when breathing normally
35
inspiratory reserve volume
additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond regualr (tidal) inhaltion
36
expiratory reserve volume
additionial volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond regular exhaltion
37
vital capacity
max amount of air a person can exhale after inhaling as much as possible
(tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume+ inspiratory reserve volume)
38
residual volume
amount of gas remaining in lungs after full exhaltion ( must remain or passages would collapse)
39
total lung capacity
max amounf of air that can be help in lungs after max inhalition
vital cpacity+ residual volume
40
name for hemoglobin bonded to oxygen
oxyhemoglobin
41
name for hemoglobin bonded to carbon dioxide
carbominohemoglobin
42
name for hemoglobin bonded to carbon monoixde
carboxyhemoglobin
43
what would happen if their was a partial puncture in the plural membrane
- air sneak in puncture surrounding lungs
- air takes up space, lungs take up less space
less space for lungs= lungs has smaller volume, air pressure in lungs is greater
called pehunothroax
44
why is breathing diffucult at higher pressures
atmospheric pressure is lower so more similar to pressure inside lungs making it harder for air to move in
45
some things that happen at high pressure
blood oxygen levels drop
- initial response to low 02 levels increases breathing rate and elevated heart rate
- hyperventaliting causes high pH (CO2 levels too low)
- breathing and rate heart doubles
stress to cardiovasucalr system
46
accliminatization to high pressure
increase production of RBC/ Hemogloblin
- capillaries in muscles multiply enhancing oxygen delviery \
- imporves oxygen intake and transporttaiton to cells
47
what is pheumonia
aveoli filled with thick fluid making gas exchange diffucult
48
bronchitits:
airways inflamed due to infection or irritant (chronic)
49
asthma
airways inflamed due to irritation and bronchioles constrist due to muscle spasms
50
emphysema
alveoli burst and fuse into englarged air spaces, surface area for gas exchange is reduced
