exer 7 Flashcards
____ is a HALOGEN bonded to a CARBONYL GROUP (-COR)
acyl compounds
____ is the most widely distributed acyl compounds
+ WHAT is its functional group?
carboxylic acids
carboxyl group
carboxylic acids have a greater tendency to release a ____ or ____ than any other compounds
proton or H+
5 functional derivatives of carboxylic acids
- acid halides
- acid anhydrides
- ester
- simple amides
- substituted amides
____ are considered as functional derivatives of carboxylic acids BUT are not acyl compounds?
+ why
nitrile (RC≡N)
- readily hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids
WHERE in the ff can NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION more likely happen?
- acyl compounds
- aldehydes
- ketones
- aldehydes
- ketones
the MORE REACTIVE acyl compounds are hydrolyzed by _____
the LESS REACTIVE acyl compounds are hydrolyzed by _____ _____ + 2 examples of such
- water
- strong nucleophiles (hydroxide ion & acid catalyst)
_____ (4) react with acyl compounds the same way WATER does
- Alcohols
- Phenols
- Ammonia
- Amines
PROPERTIES OF SOAP (5)
- amphiphatic
- surface active chemical
- long nonpolar chain
- small polar end
- long chain of carboxylate salts
_____ is the process of creating SOAP from ______
- reagents used (2)?
- 2 possible poducts?
SAPONIFICATION
- from triacylglycerols (esters and glycerols)
- NaOH or KOH (alkali bases)
1. long-chain carboxylate salts
2. glycerol
OTHER TERM for triacylglycerols
+ 2 types
triglycerides (simple or mixed)
AMINES are compounds in which (how many?) of the ______ atoms of an ______
molecule are replaced by ______ groups
+ 3 classifications
- one or more
- hydrogen
- ammonia
- hydrocarbon
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- depende kung ilang R groups ang attached sa N
AMINES
- the unshared ______ ______ of the NITROGEN ATOM enables amines to act as Lewis ______ and as ______
- electron pair
- bases
- nucleophiles
AMINO ACIDS
- composition?
- real name?
amino group BONDED TO carbon (alpha-carbon) that is BONDED TO a carboxylic acid
alpha-amino acid
there are about ______ different alpha-amino acids obtained from the ______ of different PROTEINS
- 26
- hydrolysis
AMINO ACIDS
the amino and carboxyl groups undergo an ______ ______ ______ reaction to form an ______ ______ , such that the amino acids exist as ______ or ______ ______
- internal acid-base reaction
- internal salt
- zwitterions or dipolar ions
PROTEINS are made of amino acid units connected by ______ ______ or peptide bonds
amide linkages
PROTEINS
- difference between the ff:
1. primary structure
2. secondary structure
3. tertiary structure
+ what do you call the disturbance of these structures?
- ordinary structural formula of proteins
- arrangement of amino acids in space
- how protein molecule is folded
PROTEIN DENATURATION
______ TEST is used to detect the presence of FREE ALPHA-AMINO GROUPS in amino acids and peptides
+ reagent?
+ positive result?
ninhydrin
- ninhydrin
- blue-to-violet colored complex
______ TEST is used to detect the presence of 2 or more peptide linkages
+ reagent?
+ positive result?
Biuret
- alkaline copper sulfate
- violet-colored complex
SULFUR in proteins and amino acids can be released as ______ ______ ______ by action of a ______ ______ and can be precipitated by ______ ______
- black lead sulfide
- strong alkali
- lead acetate
