Exercise Science Flashcards
1
Q
Which lever operated at a mechanical disadvantage?
A
Third class lever (ex: biceps curl)
2
Q
How long does it take for detraining to begin in terms of strength adaptations?
A
4 weeks (Athlete’s break 😅)
3
Q
Early gains in an athlete’s are due to primarily to which of the following factors?
A
Faster rate coding and greater recruitment (p.30)
4
Q
The left ventricle is responsible for?
A
Pumping blood through the body (p.13)
5
Q
What principle is initiated once an adequate amount of acetylcholine is released by the nerve terminal?
A
All-or-none principle (p.9)
6
Q
What is the series of reactions in which free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in the formation of Acetyl-CoA and hydrogen protons?
A
Beta oxidation (p.53)
7
Q
Which of the following is typical in untrained lifters?
A
Bilateral deficit (93) the force produced when both limbs contract together is < sum of forces they produce when contracting unilaterally
8
Q
Synergistic muscle during a leg curl?
A
Gastrocnemius
9
Q
Muscle fibers that are the least fatigue resistant?
A
Type IIX
10
Q
Which of the following adaptations in women following resistance training?
A
Increased testosterone sensitivity
11
Q
An increase in muscle contraction rate, force production, and metabolic enzyme activity can be attributed to which ‘flight or fight’ mode hormone?
A
Catecholamines (p84)
12
Q
Rotational work is a function of?
A
Angular displacement and torque
13
Q
Which region delays the neurocardiac signal from the atrium to the ventricle?
A
AV node (p13)
14
Q
Steroid hormones are primarily produced in which of the following organs?
A
Adrenal cortex and gonads
15
Q
What action happens in the transverse plane abduction of the shoulder?
A
Backhand tennis stroke
16
Q
What injury is higher in female athletes?
A
ACL tears
17
Q
During inadequate training stimulus, a loss of training induced adaptations is referred to as what?
A
Detraining (129)
18
Q
Which of the following neural adaptations occur as a result of anaerobic training?
A
I. Increased agonist recruitment
III. Increased firing rate
IV. Decreased inhibitory mechanisms
(88-90)
19
Q
During resisted elbow flexion, the forearm acts as which class of lever?
A
D. Third-class lever
20
Q
Which of the following best predicts aerobic performance?*
A
Maximal lactic steady state
21
Q
Which sort of synovial joint offers the greatest range of motion, owing to its structure?
A
Ball and socket
22
Q
Which heart structure is most vulnerable to being compromised during tachycardia?
A
Conduction system (12-14)
23
Q
The muscles on the back of the thigh are activated by which knee movement?
A
Flexion of the knee
24
Q
How long is the suggested period of time for holding a static stretch?
A
15-30s
25
At what age does peak height velocity typically occur?
12-14 (pp137)
26
Among other motions, the external oblique is responsible for which of the following?
Contralateral torso rotation (26-27)
27
A first-class lever has which of the following characteristics?
III. Can act at a mechanical advantage or disadvantage
| IV. Muscle force acts on the opposite side of fulcrum as the resistive force
28
Golgi tendon organs relay sensory information concerning which of the following?
Muscle tension p12
29
Of the following movements, which is driven by the posterior head of the major shoulder muscle group?
Extension of the shoulder (Pg 26, 362, 365.)
30
An athlete contracts the gluteus maximus to enhance the stretch in the hip flexors. Which aspect of the neuromuscular system is being stimulated?
Reciprocal inhibition (Pg 323.)
31
When flexing the elbow, how many heads does the antagonist have?
3 (p4)
32
In what way is the heart's conduction system affected by sympathetic system stimulation ?
Speeds up depolarization of the SA node (p4)
33
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fleshy attachments?
Additional connective fibers extend into the bone itself (p20)
34
Which of the following neural adaptations occur with chronic resistance training?
I. Increased efficiency
II. Delayed fatigue in contractile mechanisms
IV. Improved synchronization of agonist, synergist, and antagonist muscles
35
Which is considered the synergist muscle during a leg curl?
Gastrocnemius (p393)
36
Which of the following compounds are the primary fuels for glycolysis?
Glucose, glycogen (p46)
37
How is the force-velocity curve influenced by a rise in rate of force development?
Shifts the curve to the right
38
What role does the antagonist play in a given motion?
Slows down and stops the movement
| P20
39
Which system provides energy for high intensity events last and 30 seconds to two minutes?
Fast glycolysis
| P46
40
Which of the following terms refers to the breakdown of larger molecules and is usually associated with energy released?
Catabolism
| P44
41
Which of the following factors are used to calculate torque?
Length of the moment arm and the magnitude of applied force
| P21
42
Which of the following occurs in glycolysis when sufficient oxygen is available?
Pyruvate is shuttled to mitochondria
| P49
43
Metabolic acidosis is caused by which of the following?
Increase in hydrogen concentration in the cell
| P49
44
Which of the following is not a factor in maximal Force output?
Mitochondrial density
| P30-33
45
An athlete look into decrease lactate accumulation during higher intensity exercise should do which of the following?
Train around or above OBLA
| P51
46
Which of the following muscles acts as a synergist during deep squatting to counteract hip flexion?
Gluteus maximus
| P26-27
47
The phosphagen system relies on which of the following compounds for ATP resynthesis?
Creatine phosphate
| P46
48
The first class lever has which of the following characteristics?
Connect at a mechanical advantage or disadvantage and muscle force acts on the opposite side of the fulcrum as the resistive force
P21
49
The lactate threshold in onset of blood lactate accumulation may be caused by which of the following?
Increased recruitment of large motor units
| P50-51
50
Fluid resistance is not a significant factor in which of the following activities
Olympic lifting
| P36-37
51
Rotational work is a function of which of the following factors?
Angular displacement and torque
| P29
52
Which of the following statements correctly completes the statement? To concentrically move against resistance, a muscle that operates at mechanical advantage of less than one must produce force:
Greater than the external resistance
| P21
53
What activity primarily relies on friction is the source of resistance?
Sled push
54
For given muscle strength, Athletes with tendon assertions further from the joint would be expected to have which of the following abilities?
Be able to lift heavier weight
| P23
55
Calculate the positive work performed in the power output when lifting a barbell straight upwards using the following numbers:
Gravity 9.8, Barbell 50kg, vert displacement 1.5m, desired accel. 1 m/s2, time to lift bar 2s
Work = 540 J ; power = 270 W
56
Fibrous attachments have which of the following characteristics?
Contiguous with muscle sheets and connective tissues
| P20
57
Athlete a and B have the same cross-section area in the quadricep muscles, however athlete A is taller and has more volume in the quadriceps. All else being equal, which athlete likely has stronger quad?
Quadricep strength should be similar for both athletes
| P30
58
Protein oxidation causes the build up which of the following substances?
Urea, ammonia
| P53
59
Which effect is responsible for determining the direction of the reaction but during rephosphorylation via CP system ?
Mass action effect
| P46
60
A weight belt should only be used during which of the following
During the heavy sets of structural exercises
| P38-38
61
Exchange of nutrients between blood and tissues occurs in which of the following structures?
Capillaries
62
The AV bundle
Conducts electrical impulses to the ventricles
63
Golgi tendon organs relay sensory information concerning
Muscle tension
64
External oblique is responsible for
Contralateral torso rotation
65
Which of the following formulas represents the rate pressure product of oxygen consumption by the heart?
Heart rate * systolic blood pressure
66
What is the maximum increase in tidal volume associated with aerobic exercise?
3 L
67
An athlete displaying decreased performance, increased resting heart rate, and altered immune function is likely suffering from which of the following?
Non-functional overreaching
68
“Oxygen uptake” refers to which of the following?
Amount of oxygen consumed by bodily tissues
69
What is the approximate amount of oxygen carrying capacity per 100mL of blood in men?
20mL
70
What adjustments occur after 3-6 weeks days at altitude (>1,200 m above sea-level)?
Increased hemoglobin formation
71
Calculate the BMI for an individual weighing 80kg with a height of 200cm.
20 (BMI=weight/height^2
72
acute cardiovascular responses to aerobic training?
Increased cardiac output
Increased stroke volume
Increased heart rate
73
neural adaptations that occur as a result of anaerobic training
Increased agonist recruitment
Increased firing rate
Decreased inhibitory mechanisms
74
Which of the following is the most appropriate age category assessment for youth athletes?
Biological
75
Who is most susceptible to epiphyseal growth plate damage?
Adolescents at peak height velocity
76
Which of the following substances increases red blood cell formation?
Erythropoietin
77
Sarcopenia is associated with which of the following?
Decreased muscle cross-section area
78
At what point in adolescence do peak strength gains typically appear?
1.2 years after peak height velocity
79
Which of the following is the most accurate method of measuring intensity?
Blood lactate concentration
80
The storage of potential energy occurs during which phase of the stretch-shortening cycle?
Eccentric phase
81
Hyperoxic breathing refers to which of the following?
Inhaling oxygen-enriched air between sets or during recovery
82
Theoretically, supercompensation occurs during which phase of the GAS?
Resistance phase
83
During advanced stages of detraining, highly trained athletes may see a decrease in VO2 max of:
6-20%
84
Which compound produces more net ATP during substate-level phosphorylation?
Glycogen
85
The oxygen deficit represents which of the following?
P57 anaerobic contribution to exercise
86
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction that occurs during the contraction phase?
Myosin ATPase
87
An athlete displaying sleep disturbances, performance degradation, and mood disturbances may be suffering from:
OTS
88
During ventricular contraction, which valve stops the backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium on the right side of the heart?
Tricuspid Valve
89
Which muscles aid in inspiration during heavy breathing?
Sternocleidomastoids
90
The phosphagen system is defined by which of the following?
Anaerobic alactic system
91
Which region delays the neurocardiac signal from the atrium to the ventricle?
AV Node
92
Growth hormone does not influence
Increased glycogen production
93
An example of a poly peptide hormone is
Insulin
94
What valves prevent that blood backflow during diastole?
Semilunar valves
95
According to inverted U theory, which of the following benefit from relatively hire arousal?
A skilled athlete with competitive experience and a simple sport skill
96
Data tends to congregate around which of these values?
Measures of central tendency
97
Which cardiac chamber experiences the most increase in volume and wall thickness during aerobic training?
Left ventricle
98
Which electrical occurrences are undetectable during a normal electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Atrial repolarization
99
Which sarcomere structure attaches to filaments that contract during concentric contraction?
Z line
100
The second generation airway passages are known as which of the following?
Bronchi
101
What oxygen uptake state does the body enter after the initial spike in oxygen intake during a low-power, constant output exercise?
Steady state
102
Which electrical occurrences are undetectable during a normal electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Atrial depolarization
103
Which muscle stabilizes the hip in the frontal plane during squatting movements?
Glute Medius
104
A first-class lever has which of the following characteristics?
III. Can act at a mechanical advantage or disadvantage
| IV. Muscle force acts on the opposite side of fulcrum as the resistive force
105
Which body type do late-maturing adolescents typically have?
Ectomorphic
106
Which of these is growth hormone not responsible for influencing?
Increasing glycogen production
107
Which of the following performance or physiological characteristics is NOT usually observed in a state of nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) within athlete populations?
mood disturbances and depression
108
Following prolonged periods of detraining in elite strength/power athletes, which of the following physical characteristics will likely show the largest reduction as a consequence of the removal of an anaerobic training stimulus?
fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area
109
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each beat is the
stroke volume
110
Which of the following does NOT normally increase during an aerobic exercise session?
diastolic blood pressure
111
The mean arterial pressure is defined as the
average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle
112
Primary training adaptations of elite aerobically trained athletes include which of the following?
I. increased maximal oxygen uptake
| II. decreased blood lactate concentration III. increased running economy
113
Growth cartilage in children is located at all of the following
epiphyseal plate
joint surface
apophyseal insertion
114
The condition characterized by a bone mineral density more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean is called
Osteoporosis
115
When measuring maximal strength of a soccer player, which of the following could potentially adversely affect the test–retest reliability of the results?
using multiple testers
retesting at a different time of day
an athlete’s inexperience with the tested exercise
116
The bench press, vertical jump, and 10m Sprint are the most valid test for what American football position?
Defensive lineman
117
Which of the following tests is used to measure maximum muscular power?
Margaria-Kalamen test
vertical jump
1RM power clean
118
Flexibility of which of these muscle groups or body areas is assessed during the sit-and-reach test?
Hamstrings and lumbar spine
119
When compiling results from the volleyball team’s vertical jump testing, the strength and conditioning pro- fessional notices that most scores are similar, but there are three scores that are much higher than the rest. Which of the following measures of central tendency is most appropriate for this group?
Median
120
When stimulated during PNF stretching, Golgi tendon organs allow the relaxation of the
stretched muscle by its own contraction
121
Which of the following stretching techniques decreases muscle spindle stimulation?
Static
122
Stimulation of muscle spindles induces a
contraction of the stretched muscle
