exocrine endocrine oancreras

Question 1

what is at the head end of the pancreas

Answer 1

duodenum

Question 2

what is at the til end of the pancreas

Answer 2

spleen

Question 3

how is the pancreas functionally divided

Answer 3

exocrine and endocrine

Question 4

what does the exocrine produce

Answer 4

enzymes
zymangens
bicarbonate

Question 5

what does the endocrine pancreas produce

Answer 5

pancreatic polypeptide
somatostatin
insulin
glucagon

Question 6

what is an acinus

Answer 6

cluster of cells

Question 7

what is in the center of an acinus

Answer 7

intercolated duct

Question 8

what does the intercalated duct do

Answer 8

drains enzymes from the acinus and supplies the intralobular duct

Question 9

what does the intralobular duct feed into?

Answer 9

interlobular duct

Question 10

what does the interlobulasr duct feed into?

Answer 10

pancreatic duct

Question 11

what is the purpose of the products of the intercalated ducts?

Answer 11

buffer acid for enzymes to work

Question 12

what enters the intercalated ducts to form carbonate?

Answer 12

water and carbon dioxide

Question 13

what hormone comes in to activate ATP in the intercalated ducts

Answer 13

secretin

Question 14

what happens when ATP is activated in the intercalated ducts?

Answer 14

calcium efflux

Question 15

what does calcium efflux trigger

Answer 15

chlorine efflux

Question 16

what happens after chlorine efflux

Answer 16

cholirine comes back into the cell and drives bicarbonate out f the cell

Question 17

what is CCK responsible for

Answer 17

digestion of fate and protein

Question 18

where is CCK released?

Answer 18

I cells in the dudenum

Question 19

what does CCK do?

Answer 19

acts on the pancreas to produce fat degradig enzymes

Question 20

where is secretin released?

Answer 20

S cells in the duodenum

Question 21

what are CCK and secretin under he control of

Answer 21

parasympathetic vagus nerve

Question 22

what is chlorine movement dependant on?

Answer 22

CFTR receptor

Question 23

condition relating to problem with CFTR?

Answer 23

cystic fibrosis

Question 24

what clogs in cystic fibrosis?

Answer 24

airways
pancreas
liver

Question 25

why cant enzymes get out of the pancreas in CF?

Answer 25

the solution is too viscous

Question 26

what happens to the pancreas in CF

Answer 26

pancreas slowly digests iitself

Question 27

what medication may be given in CF and what does it do

Answer 27

pancreatin | substitutes amylase, lipase and protease

Question 28

where do you find alpha cells

Answer 28

outskirts of the islets

Question 29

where do you find beta cells

Answer 29

throughout islets

Question 30

what do delta cells secrete

Answer 30

somatostatin

Question 31

when secrtes ghrelin

Answer 31

epsilon cells

Question 32

what is the hunger hormone

Answer 32

ghrelin

Question 33

insulin coded on gene

Answer 33

11

Question 34

what is insulin released into?

Answer 34

portal circulation

Question 35

where is insulin delivered to

Answer 35

liver

Question 36

what is the inactive form of insulin

Answer 36

hexameric

Question 37

what is the active form of insulin

Answer 37

monameric

Question 38

what is the structure of the hexameric structure

Answer 38

6 insulin molecules help by histidine bonds with a central zinc

Question 39

monomeric form stable or unstable

Answer 39

unstable

Question 40

what is the monomeric form of insulin

Answer 40

alpha and beta chain disulfide linked

Question 41

insulin is synthesised from what polypeptide

Answer 41

24 amino acid

Question 42

where does the 24 amino acid polypeptide go?

Answer 42

RER

Question 43

what connects the alpha and beta chain

Answer 43

connecting sequence

Question 44

what happens to insulin at RER

Answer 44

the single peptide is cleaved and fold and forms disulfide bonds

Question 45

where does insulin go after rer

Answer 45

golgi apparatus

Question 46

what happens at the golgi apparatus

Answer 46

put into secretory vesicles and connecting sequence is cleaved

Question 47

what senses glucose levels on beta cells

Answer 47

GLUT2

Question 48

how do GLUT2 work

Answer 48

high glucose they open and allow glucose to enter the cell

Question 49

what does high glucose in the beta cell cause

Answer 49

high ATP

Question 50

what does high ATP in the beta cell do

Answer 50

closes potassium channel causing depolarisation

Question 51

what happens in beta cell becasue of depolaristaion

Answer 51

calcium ion influx

Question 52

what does calcium ion influx in beta cell do?

Answer 52

vesicles containing insulin move to surface and fuse

Question 53

insulin receptor shape

Answer 53

dimer f alpha and beta chains

Question 54

beta insulin receptor

Answer 54

spans the membrane and is linked to tyrosine residues

Question 55

insulin receptor chromosome

Answer 55

19

Question 56

which part of the insulin receptor binds to insulin

Answer 56

alpha

Question 57

how is the alpha insulin receptor held

Answer 57

disuphide

Question 58

what does insulin affect

Answer 58

lipid metabolism, immune cell function, protein metabolism, growth hormone

Question 59

what does insulin do t fat cells

Answer 59

causes GLUT4 to move the cell surface

Question 60

how is IRS1 involved

Answer 60

becomes phosphorylated and singnals the GLUT 4 to move

Question 61

glucagon released from

Answer 61

alpha cells

Question 62

what kind of hormone is glucagon

Answer 62

non steroid

Question 63

how is glucagon produced

Answer 63

proprotein convertase 2 cleaves proglucagonin alpha cells

Question 64

where is glucagon cleaved to alternative products

Answer 64

L cells

Question 65

incretin effect

Answer 65

differebnce between oral and intravenous glucose

Question 66

GLP1 effects

Answer 66

``` reduces apetite slows gastric emptying reduces hepatic glucose output suprresses alpha cell glucagon production stimulates insulin secretion ```