lectuire 5 menopause

Question 1

what is premature menopause?

Answer 1

POF

Question 2

what are the ‘characters’

Answer 2

neuropeptides
glycoproteins
steroids

Question 3

what are the neuropeptides?

Answer 3

GnRH

Question 4

where is GnRH produced?

Answer 4

hypothalamus

Question 5

what does GnRh act on?

Answer 5

anterior pituitary gland

Question 6

what are the glycoproteins?

Answer 6

FSH

LH

Question 7

what is in common with the glycoproteins

Answer 7

common alpha chain

Question 8

what type of receptors are the LH and FSH receptors?

Answer 8

G protein coupled

Question 9

common biochemical precurser for steroids?

Answer 9

cholesterol

Question 10

what are the steroid hormones?

Answer 10

prostogens
androgen
corticosteroids

Question 11

how do the steroid hormones start out?

Answer 11

acetate

Question 12

where do the steroid hormones form

Answer 12

mitochondria

Question 13

how do neuropeptides and glycoproteins interact with the cell?

Answer 13

receptor on cell membrane

Question 14

how do steroids interact with the cell and why?

Answer 14

act on the nucleus because they are lipids

Question 15

what does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 15

GnRH

Question 16

how does GnRH reach the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 16

blood

Question 17

how often does the hypothalamus release GnRH?

Answer 17

hourly

Question 18

when is the gametogenic potential established

Answer 18

foetus

Question 19

which cells express SRY?

Answer 19

coelamic epithelium

Question 20

what hapopens when there is no SRY?

Answer 20

PGC stop mitosis and begin meiosis

Question 21

at what stage do the PGCs stop meiosis?

Answer 21

diplotene stage

Question 22

how is genetic shuffling done?

Answer 22

meiosis

Question 23

can folliculargenesis start in the sbasnce of hormones?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

how are the vast majority of follicles lost?

Answer 24

atresia

Question 25

what is the antral follicle characterised by?

Answer 25

antrum which is a fluid filled cavity

Question 26

what is an oocyte surrounded by?

Answer 26

granulosa cells

Question 27

what are the granulosa cells surrounded by?

Answer 27

theca cells

Question 28

when is the oocyte number fixed?

Answer 28

3/4 months

Question 29

what stage are the follicles arested at until birth?

Answer 29

prophase 1

Question 30

what triggers the development of the folicle?

Answer 30

FSH and LH

Question 31

what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 31

follicular phase and luteal phase

Question 32

dominant hormone in follicular phase?

Answer 32

oestrogen

Question 33

dominant hormone in luteal phase?

Answer 33

progesterone

Question 34

what do theca cells have receptors for?

Answer 34

LH

Question 35

what is the action of LH binding?

Answer 35

stimulates the synthesis of androgens

Question 36

what is the action of FSH binding?

Answer 36

granulosa cells express the androgen aromatase

Question 37

what type is the oestrogen?

Answer 37

oestrogen E217B

Question 38

how is the production of FSH inhibited?

Answer 38

inhibin B released by the granulosa cells

Question 39

what do androgens do?

Answer 39

cause proliferation of the granulosa cells and and the folicle gets bigger

Question 40

what does the dominant follicle produce?

Answer 40

AMH

Question 41

why does the dominant folicle produce AMH?

Answer 41

to stop competing follicles

Question 42

what does oestrogen surge act on

Answer 42

granulosa cells

Question 43

what does a rise in LH trigger?

Answer 43

ovulation

Question 44

what do granulosa cells also make in response to high oestrogen?

Answer 44

progesterone

Question 45

what does the follicle do in response to the LH surge?

Answer 45

undergoes nuclear maturation

Question 46

what happens during nuclear maturation?

Answer 46

unequal cell division and most of the sytoplasm is retained in secondary oocyte second meiosis phase starts and arrests at metaphase 2

Question 47

what happens when the oocyte undergoes cytoplasmic maturation

Answer 47

moves things around

Question 48

what day does ovultion occur?

Answer 48

day 14

Question 49

what happens to oocyte and follicle at day 14

Answer 49

it ruptures out of follicle

Question 50

what does the ruptures follicle become?

Answer 50

corpus luteum

Question 51

what does corpus luteum secrete?

Answer 51

oestrogen and progesterone

Question 52

what happens to the luteal phase 14 days past ovulation?

Answer 52

stops unless pregnant

Question 53

what produces adrogens in reponse to LH?

Answer 53

theca cells

Question 54

what are the phases of the uterine cycle?

Answer 54

menstrual, proliferative and secretory phase

Question 55

what is the proliferative phase for?

Answer 55

preparing for pregnancy

Question 56

when is the endometrium re-epitheliased?

Answer 56

4-7 after the beginning of menstruation

Question 57

when does the thickness of the endometrium thicken until?

Answer 57

ovulation

Question 58

what hormones are involved in the secretory phase?

Answer 58

progesterone and oestrogen

Question 59

what happens in the secretory phase?

Answer 59

secretory development of the endometrium

Question 60

what are menopause symptoms due to?

Answer 60

lack of oestrogen

Question 61

what does a lack of oestrogen cause post menopausal?

Answer 61

gradual rise of testosterone