experiments

Question 1

What is independent measures design?

Answer 1

Separate group of participants are used for each IV

Question 2

Strengths and weaknesses of independent measures design

Answer 2

Strengths: No order effects as different participants are used
Reduced risk of demand characteristics
reduced effect of individual differences

weaknesses: Individual differences could distort results
more participants are needed

Question 3

What is researcher effects

Answer 3

the negative influences researchers can have on a study by their presence or beliefs

Question 4

What is repeated measures?

Answer 4

When the same group of participants participate in each level of the IV

Question 5

Strengths and weaknesses of repeated measures

Answer 5

strengths: individual differences unlikely to distort the IV as they do all conditions
counterbalancing reduces order effect
fewer participants
blind procedures to reduce demand characteristics

weaknesses: Order effects (practice and fatigue effect) could distort results
increased risk of demand characteristics

Question 6

What is matched participants

Answer 6

different group of participants used for each IV however participants are made to be similar in each group

Question 7

Strength and weaknesses of match participants

Answer 7

strength: only see task once so reduced demand characteristics
no order effects

weaknesses - time consuming and difficult
similarity is limited

Question 8

What is a laboratory experiment?

Answer 8

Lab experiments take place in a controlled environment

Question 9

strength and weaknesses of a lab experiment

Answer 9

strength: good control of extraneous variables
causal relationship can be determined
able to replicate
weaknesses : low ecological validity
participants can change their behaviour

Question 10

What is a field experiment?

Answer 10

take part in a natural setting where we can still manipulate the IV

Question 11

strength and weaknesses of a field experiment

Answer 11

strengths: high ecological validity

weaknesses: harder to control extraneous variables
unsure whether it was the change in IV caused the DV

Question 12

What is a quasi experiment?

Answer 12

the independent variable is naturally occurring

Question 13

strength and weaknesses of a quasi experiment

Answer 13

strength: can study real world issues
participants are unaware so don’t change their behaviour
high ecological validity
weaknesses: very difficult to control extraneous variables
a cause and effect cannot be established
hard to replicated

Question 14

What is validity?

Answer 14

Validity is accurately measuring what you want to measure.

Question 15

Internal validity

Answer 15

Is the DV being affected by any extraneous variables

Question 16

Face validity

Answer 16

Are the tests that are being used to measure the DV appropriate for their purpose?

Question 17

Construct validity

Answer 17

A construct refers to a psychological factor that can be measured (e.g. intelligence, anxiety, depression, etc.). Is the test accurately measuring the
construct?

Question 18

Concurrent validity

Answer 18

If two similar tests are used to measure the same DV then each
should be valid if they get similar results. Do the results of your test predict the results
of another similar test?

Question 19

External validity

Answer 19

Can the results of this study be generalised to places where the
study didn’t take place and to time periods other than when the study was conducted?

Question 20

Population validity

Answer 20

Can the results from the participants who took part in the study be generalised to people who did not take part in the study?

Question 21

Ecological validity

Answer 21

Does the test used to measure the DV reflect an everyday situation that could happen in real life?

Question 22

Criterion validity

Answer 22

Whether a factor measured in one way will relate to, or predict some other related variable. For example; can your tests in year 7, predict the grades you will get in your GCSE’s. This is also known as predictive validity.

Question 23

What is internal reliability

Answer 23

Making sure that the procedure of a study is standardised and easy to repeat.

Question 24

What is external reliability

Answer 24

All participants in a study getting similar and consistent results.

Question 25

inter-rater reliability

Answer 25

This is the extent to which two raters provide consistent or similar responses.

Question 26

Test-retest reliability

Answer 26

external consistency of a test. f the same or similar results are obtained then external reliability is established.

Question 27

Split-half reliability

Answer 27

assesses the internal consistency of a test, such as psychometric tests. There, it measures the extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured. This is done by comparing the results of one half of a test with the results from the other half.

Question 28

What is an aim

Answer 28

A short statement to identify the purpose of the study or investigation.

Question 29

What is a null hypothesis

Answer 29

A hypothesis that states there was no significant relationship between the variables being studied - this is accepted when statistical tests show no significance.

Question 30

What is an alternative hypothesis

Answer 30

A hypothesis that states that there is a significant relationship between the independent and dependent variable.

Question 31

what is a directional (one-tailed) hypotheses

Answer 31

A hypothesis that precisely predicts the direction of the relationship either

Question 32

what is a non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis

Answer 32

A hypothesis that does not specify the exact direction of the relationship, but predicts that there will be one