export_feeds and processing Flashcards

(53 cards)

1
Q

Products with more than 18% crude fiber are considered?

A

dry forages and roughages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cutting above-ground vegetative portion of plants and subsequent curing (drying in field); baled or cubed

A

hay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

residue of a grain crop after removal of the grain; low nutritive value

A

straw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

aerial part of corn or sorghum without the ears, husks, or heads

A

stover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

All forages not cut, or cut and fed fresh are considered:

A

pasture, range plants; includes feeds cured on the stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Made by cutting and chopping immature forage followed by storage in an enclosed space that excludes air

A

silage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Predominate organic acid formed by bacterial fermentation of sugars for silage?

A

lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is silage preserved?

A

lactic acid preserves silage by lower pH (about 4.6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T or F: High protein forages, such as alfalfa, will make good silages.

A

False; the AA are degraded and less desired fermentation products formed (such as butyric acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Energy feeds are also called:

A

energy concentrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Products less that 18% crude fiber and less than 20% CP with higher digestibility

A

energy concentrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

grains and grain by-products are examples of:

A

energy concentrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T or F: When ensiled, energy feeds are still considered energy feeds.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Products containing 20% or more protein

A

protein concentrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T or F: Plant and animal origin protein supplements include ensiled products.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oil-seed meals, corn gluten, SBP are examples of:

A

protein concentrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Roughage quality affected by:

A

weed contamination, maturity, cure,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Problems with weed contamination?

A

reduce nutritive value, contain toxic substances, cause mechanical injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Effect of maturity on roughage quality?

A

nutritive value decreases with maturity; stem size, leaf:stem, flowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bad odor on cured hays is due to:

A

mold growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T or F: Leafiness is generally correlated with nutritive value.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T or F: Solar exposure to hay can cause bleaching which will increase nutritive value.

A

False - bleaching is bad

23
Q

Small size or pinched appearance of grain indicates

A

less energy density digestibility

24
Q

Mold growth can occur when grains are harvested at too (high, low) of moisture content.

25
Insect contamination of grain can cause:
moisture that promotes mold growth
26
Cotton seed meal cannot be used in what type of animals?
simple-stomach animals
27
Gossypol is found in
cotton seed meal
28
Problem with cotton seed meal
gossypol is not degraded by alimentary microflora and can cause pulmonary edema
29
First limiting AA found in CSM
lysine is limited
30
Cyclopropenoid is found in
CSM
31
Causes discoloration of eggs
cyclopropenoid of CSM
32
T or F: Prepared mixed ration products are difficult to evaluate nutritional quality by visual inspection.
True
33
Crude indicators of quality on prepared food labels
proximate/guaranteed analyses; ingredient list
34
Common feed processing objectives:
increased digestibility, increased intake, reduced wastage, bulk reduction, facilitate packaging
35
Hammer mill used to break roughage into smaller pieces
milling
36
Pro of milling
optimal distribution in particle size is targeted to increase forage intake and digestibility
37
cons of milling
may reduce digestibility in ruminants, dust
38
Counter dust formation in product by adding
molasses
39
First stage in making silage and involves a cutting action of a knife against a sheer plate
chopping
40
Advantage of chopping
little change in digestibility; reduces wastage and improves storage and handling efficiency
41
Advantage of cubing over pellets?
cubing permits longer lengths of chopped forage in product; may improve digestibility
42
Advantages of cubing
little negative impace on digestibility and food intake, reduces wastage
43
Disadvantages of cubing
increases cost, difficult to evaluate feed quality
44
Cubing is formed from (chopped, milled) forage
chopped
45
Pelleting is formed from (chopped, milled) forage
milled
46
T or F: Alfalfa forms stable cubed and pellets while cereal crop forages require addition of a binder and grain to form stable pellets.
True
47
Advantages of pellets
increases intake, especially of lower quality forages
48
Disadvantages of pelleting
small decrease in digestibility, difficult to evaluate feed quality, reduces protein solubility, increase cost
49
Grain is sheared by passage b/t two rollers to produce "cracked grain"
dry rolling
50
grain is heated in steam chest before rolling and then rolled flat to varying thickness
steam rolling
51
Advantages of steam rolling
fewer fines and dust than dry, starch is gelatinized (improving digestibility), as thinness increases so does digestion rate
52
Cool season grasses
fescue, orchard grass, timothy, brome
53
warm season grasses
blue stem, switchgrass, bermudagrass