export_nutrition test 3 Flashcards by Agata Grzelak

Dry forage that has lost all carotenoid from oxidation and UV light exposure
Caged birds given grain only

Circumstances causing vitamin A deficiency

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Night blindness
Atrophy of epithelial cells

Secretory cells are replaced by stratified keratinized squamos epithelium

Disrupted bone growth and development

Signs of Vitamin A deficiency

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Vitamin A

Which vitamin is one of the most potentially toxic nutrients?

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Pruritis, hair loss, bone and muscle pain, ataxia, embryo and fetal malformations

Vitamin A toxicity signs

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Vitamin E

Organic compounds w/ biological activity and structure similar to that of d-a-tocopherol

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d-a-tocopherol

Which form of vitamin E is most active?

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How many forms of vitamin E are there in nature?

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Vegetables and seed oils-good

Animal products-bad

Sources of Vitamin E

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Antioxidant

2. Prevents lipid peroxidation

Functions of Vitamin E

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Vitamin E protects fatty acids in the cell membrane from oxidative damage

How are vitamin E and unsaturated fatty acids related?

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Least potentially toxic vitamin of fat soluble vitamins

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INterferes w/ coagulation by antagonizing vitamin K

What happens if there is too much vitamin E?

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Se and Vitamin E

Which substances work together to inhibit lipid peroxidation damage?

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One of the most potentially toxic nutrients

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When soils are high in Se

High Se forage and graiin

WHen can Se toxicity occur?

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Dullness, inactivity, emaciation, rough hair coat, hair loss

Sloughing of hooves and erosion of long bone joints in horses and cattle

WHat are signs of Se toxicity?

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Testicular degeneration and fetal resorption in rats, Muscular dystrophy in rabbits, encephalomalacia in chicks, steatitis in cats

What are Vitamin E deficiency symptoms not responding to Se supplementation?

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Nutritional muscular dystrophy “white muscle disease,” liver edema and necrosis in pigs, severe subQ edema and pancreatic dystrophy in chickens

Deficiency symptoms that respons to either Se or Vitamin E

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K1-green plant
K2-bacteria

K3-synthetic

Where do vitamin K1 or phylloquinones come from vs vitamin K2 or menaquinones come from? and K3 or menadione

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Green leafy plants
Liver, egg, and some fish meals

Intestinal bacteria can variably supply vitamin K needs

Sources of vitamin K

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Co-factor in formation of y-carboxyglutamic acid (GLA) residues proteinases
GLA residues serve as Ca-binding sites needed for proteinase activation

Coagulation proteins synthesized and stored in the liver

Functions of vitamin K

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Total body pool is replaced rapidly, hours to days.

Contrast w/ weeks to months of the other fat soluble vitamins

What is different about vitamin K absorption and metabolism compared to other fat soluble vitamins?

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Warfarin, Dicumarol, high fish diets for cats, prolonged antibiotic therapy, long term total parenteral nutrition, poultry are susceptible due to short GI tract and fed antimicrobials

Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by?

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Dicumarol is produced in spoiled sweet clover hay that cattle ingest and they die from massive hemorrhage

What is hemorrhagic sweet clover disease?

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Uncontrolled hemorrhage both resulting from minor wounds and internal bleeding into the gut and body cavity

Signs of vitamin K deficiency

Vitamin B3 Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide

Other names for niacin

Used in formation of coenzymes

F (niacin)

Plants and other sources of some cereals, legumes, and yeast Largely in bran of cereals Tryptophan

Sources of niacin

Negligible

Conversion of tryptophan niacin is ______ in cats

Poor diet and conditions affecting tryptophan-niacin conversion

Why would an animal become niacin deficient?

Dermatitis (pellagra) Diarrhea Dementia

Signs of niacin deficiency

Loading test results- nicotinamide amount recovered in urine after an oral load of nicotinamide indicates deficiency

How can a niacin deficiency be diagnosed?

Formation of flavocoenzymes (FAD and FMN) which are used for catabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and AA, intracellular respiratory system of all cells, reductive biosynthesis

F (riboflavin) or B2

Plants- green veggies, but not cereals. | Animals- milk, eggs, organ meats

Sources of riboflavin

UV light

What inactivates riboflavin?

When grain is main source of food

Causes of riboflavin deficiency

Reduced growth rate, stunting Seborrheic dermatitis, hair loss Stomatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, corneal vascularization and eye pain, anemia, neuropathy

Signs of riboflavin deficiency

Enzyme stimulation test-

How can you diagnose riboflavin deficiency?

Cofactor for catabolism of carbs and AA metabolism for energy production Nerve conduction function

F (thiamin/B1)

Meats, especially pork and organs, egg yolk | green portions of plants, whole cereal grains,

Thiamin sources

Thiamin is destroyed by high temperatures Thiaminases destroy thiamin in raw fish, bracken fern, and horse tail Coccidiostat, amprolium Low dietary levels

Dietary factors that can cause thiamin deficiency

reduced FI, body weight loss, neurological changes

Thiamin deficiency signs in cats and dogs

Incoordination to the point of falling, bradycardia due to cardiac irregularity

Signs of thiamin deficiency in horses

Neurological changes

Signs of thiamin deficiency in cattle and sheep

Enzyme stimulation test- erythrocyte transketolase

How is thiamin deficiency diagnosed?

Green leafy veggies, lima beans, citrus fruits, meats

Sources of folate

Erythrocytes where it is left over from erythropoesis

Where does folate reside in the body?

Megaloblastic anemia

Large, hypochromic, erythrocytes, and deranged DNA synthesis in erthyropoietic cells making the cells large, arrested in cell cycle, phase G2

Folic acid, vitamin B12, cobalt, and intrinsic factor

Which vitamins have a role in megaloblastic anemia?

Microorganisms, animal sources

Sources of B12

Cofactor of only 2 enzymes: Methionine synthase and methylmalonyl CoA mutase

VItamin B12 function

Intrinsic factor

Produced by the gastric mucosa, pancreas, or salivary gland | Necessary for B12 absorption

Lacking B12 in methionine synthase traps folate in an inactive, methylated state

How is B12 related to folate?

Synthesized from glucose in most species

Where does vitamin C come from?

Electron donor for enzymes- *collagen formation lysine and proline hydroxylation* Nonenzymatic reductive functions *Intracellular and extracellular antioxidant protection* Regenerates vitamin E

F (vitamin C)

Fruits, vegetables, | Animal sources are poor

Sources of vitamin C

Least stable of all vitamins

Dogs and cats

Which species do not require dietary vitamin C?

>18% Crude fiber, or more than 35% cell wall | Low digestible energy content

What are forages and roughages?

Hay, straw, stover

Examples of forage

Stover

Aerial part of corn or sorghum w/o the ears, husks, or heads

4.8

pH of silage

AA are degraded and less desired fermentation products are formed such as butyric acid

Why don't high protein forages make good silage?

<20% CP, higher digestibility than roughages and forages

Energy concentrates

>20% CP,

Protein concentrates

Less energy density digestibility

IN grains, what does small sized or pinched appearance indicate?

Gossypol causes pulmonary edema Lysine is limited in cottonsead meal Can cause discoloration of eggs

Why is cottonseed meal bad for simple-stomached animals?

``` Increase digestibility (sometimes digestibility is reduced) Increased intake ``` Reduced wastage Bulk reduction Facilitate packaging

Goals of feed processing

Milling

Break roughage iinto smaller pieces May reduce digestibility in ruminants Dust is formed in this process which reduces palatability

Chopping

1st stage in making silage Has little change on digestibility Reduces wastage and improves storage and handling efficiency

Cubing

Permits longer lengths of chopped forage than pelleting May improve digestibility Reduces wastage Increases cost Makes it difficult to evaluate feed quality

Pelleting

High compression in the extrusion Suitability for this varies (alfalfa does well with it) Size varies Increases intake of lower quality forages Small decrease in digestibility Difficult to evaluate feed quality Reduces protein solubility Increases feed cost

Dry rolling

Grain is sheared by passage b/t 2 rollers to produce cracked grain

Steam rolling

Grain is heated in steam chest before rolling and then rolled flat to varying thickness Fewer fines and dust than dry rolling Starch is gelatinized, improving digestibility

Fast growing, short suckling time species

Which species have high protein milk?

Arginine, methionine, and cysteine

Which AAs are higher in cat milk than cow's milk?

Rabbit, then dog and cat

Which species has the highest protein milk?

Dog then cat

WHich species have the higest fat in the milk?

Cat then cow

WHich species have the highest lactose in the milk?

Yes

Does mature milk have immunoglobulins?

Colostrum- IgG | Mature milk- IgA

Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in colostrum vs. mature milk?

Calves, lambs, and horses

WHich species is placental transfer of immunoglobulins poor in?

Lambs-twins or triplets=not enough Dairy= unavailable Foals=Failure to suckle or pre mature lactation of the mare

Why would colostrum not be available?

Milk comp of the species

Are milk replacers designed specifically for the neonate or based on the milk composition of the species?

Milk proteins such as whey and casein because they are well digested

Which proteins should be used in milk replacers?

Cheaper | Not as easily digested

Why would you use vegetable proteins in milk replacer? WHy wouldn't you?

^ GI transit time Causes intestinal villous atrophy Presents potential allergens and toxins

What does poorly digested protein cause in the neonate?

Those from milk (lactose, glucose, and galactose) | Vegetable ones are poorly utilized

Which carbs are best in the milk replacer?

Animal and vegetable are used successfully Fat tolerance depends on homogenization Large particles are not well digested

What kind of fat is in milk replacer?

Mare has less fat and more lactose

How does mare's milk compare to cow milk?

Lamb milk higher in fat

How does sheep milk compare to cow milk?

Overfeeding which causes GI upset

If a neonate has diarrhea, what could be the cause?

Dilute w/ water so that water intake is maintained

What should be done to the milk if overfeeding is causing a problem?

Minimize labor and cost

Why should you minimize the length of milk feeding?

For weak neonates and early post-partum Diarrhea or other signs of GI upset To increase growth rate for early weaning

When would you increase milk feeding frequency and decrease volume per feeding?

Encourages water and dry diet consumption

What does gradually reducing milk intake do?

Body weight not age

What should time of weaning be based on?

2-2.5%

How much of their body weight do horses consume?

Fundus and pylorus

2 regions of the horse stomach

What is horse energy expressed as?

Forage=>50% | Grains < 20%

What percent of a horse's diet should be forage/grains/fat?

Maintenance- 8-9% | Lactation - 14-15%

How much CP is required for maintenance vs lactation?

Mature: 1.1:1 to 6:1 | Growing 1.1:1 to 3:1

What should the Ca/P ratio be for mature vs growing horses?

Hyperkalemic periodic paresis

May benefit from lower potassium

Toxicity: Skin/hoof abnormalities Deficiency: WHite muscle disease

What can selenium toxicity and deficiency cause?

Fresh forage/immature hay

What feedstuff is high in vitamin E for horses?

Along the neck and withers, crease or inverted crease down back, tailhead, point of buttocks, twist, point of hip, ribs, behind the point of shoulder, and the fat pad behind the slope of the shoulder

Where do you check BCS on a horse?

1.5% BW

What is the minimum hay for a horse that is in maintenance?

Off season- 10% more than adult for maintenance | Bredding- maintenance plus 20%

How should studs be handled in the off season and in breeding season?

First four months-maintenance | By month 11 protein and energy should be increased about 30% and Ca/P should be increased 80%

How should pregnant mares be fed?

2x energy of maintenance 2.5x protein 2.5x Ca and P 3% BW hay

Nutrient requirements during lactation

1 lb per month of age starting at 2-3 weeks of age

How much should you creep feed foals?

CP >14% 0.8% Ca 0.5% P 50 ppm Cu

What should the CP, Ca, P and CU be in a foal's creep feed?

1/2 lb concentrate mix/month of age (7-9 lb maximum)

How much concentrate should you feed weanling horses?

Rapid growth, trauma to growth plate, genetic predispositions, nutritional imbalances

What can cause developmental orthopedic disease?