export_water soluble vitamins

Question 1

T or F: Body reserves of water-soluble are more extensive than those of fat-soluble vitamins.

Answer 1

False. Water-soluble reserves are less

Question 2

B vitamin deficiencies most typically occur as (multiple, single) vitamin deficiency, unlike fat-soluble vitamins.

Answer 2

multiple

Question 3

Water-soluble vitamins have (higher, lower) toxicities than fat-soluble vitamins.

Answer 3

lower

Question 4

T or F: Ruminants with a functional rumen do not require a dietary source of water-soluble vitamins and therefor do not have a “metabolic need” for water-soluble vitamins.

Answer 4

False; ruminants have a metabolic need

Question 5

Vitamins important to central pathways of E metabolism

Answer 5

Niacin (B3), Riboflavin (B2), Thiamin (B1)

Question 6

generic for nicotinic acid and nicotinamide

Answer 6

vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Question 7

used in formation of pyridine nucleotide coenzymes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and its phosphorylated form (NADP)

Answer 7

Niacin (B3)

Question 8

NAD used in:

Answer 8

ADP-ribosylations of proteins; poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins function in DNA repair

Question 9

Pharmacological niacin use

Answer 9

reduce plasma cholesterol and TG; “antilipolytic” effect = inhibits adipose release of lipid

Question 10

Plant sources of Vit B

Answer 10

cereals, legumes, yeast; bran of cereals (brown vs white rice)

Question 11

Some niacin is synth from essential AA:

Answer 11

tryptophan

Question 12

“niacin equivalence”

Answer 12

tryptophan

Question 13

T or F: Trptophan conversion to niacin is essential in cats.

Answer 13

False; negligible

Question 14

Causes of niacin deficiency

Answer 14

poor diets and condidtions affecting tryptophan-niacin conversion

Question 15

Signs of Niacin deficiency (3 Ds)

Answer 15

dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

Question 16

dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia are signs of:

Answer 16

vitamin B3 deficiency

Question 17

“Loading test” results - nicotinamide amount recovered in urine after an oral load of nicotinamide

Answer 17

vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency

Question 18

Used in formation of “flavocoenzymes” (FAD and FMN)

Answer 18

riboflavin (B2)

Question 19

Plant sources of riboflavin

Answer 19

green vegetables, not cereals;

Question 20

effect of UV light on riboflavin

Answer 20

Riboflavin inactivated by UV light

Question 21

Substantial milk secretion occurs

Answer 21

riboflavin absorption and metabolism

Question 22

Causes of riboflavin deficiency

Answer 22

when grain is major source of food

Question 23

Signs of B2 deficiency

Answer 23

growth problems, skin problems, eye problems, anemia, neuropathy

Question 24

“Enzyme stimulation test” used for:

Answer 24

detecting vitamin B2 deficiency

Question 25

Stimulation of reduction of oxidized glutathione by the erythrocyte enzyme ertyrocyte glutathione reductase in presence of FAD

Answer 25

Niacin deficiency

Question 26

cofactor for catabolism of CHO and AA metabolism for E production

Answer 26

thiamin

Question 27

Causes of thiamin deficiency

Answer 27

cooking (destroyed by high temperature), thiaminases, agents that interfere with thiamin phosphorylation

Question 28

Enzymes that destroy thiamin in raw fish, bracken fern, and horse-tail

Answer 28

thiaminases

Question 29

Signs of B1 deficiency in Cats and dogs

Answer 29

reduced food intake, body weight loss, neuro changes

Question 30

Signs of B1 deficiency in horses

Answer 30

incoordination to the point of falling and bradycardia d/t cardiac irregularity

Question 31

Signs of B1 deficiency in cattle/sheep

Answer 31

neuro changes

Question 32

Erythrocyte transketolase enzyme stimulation test is used to diagnose:

Answer 32

Thiamin deficiency (B1)

Question 33

Vitamins of coenzymes important to AA metabolism

Answer 33

Folate, B12, B6, C

Question 34

Sources of folate

Answer 34

green leafy vegetables, lima beans, citrus fruits, meats

Question 35

Folate is concentrated in _____ where it is left over from _____.

Answer 35

RBC; erythropoesis

Question 36

reduced food intake, BW loss, neuro changes (pupillary dilation) VENTROFLEXION of head could be signs of 

Answer 36

thiamin deficiency

Question 37

Methionine synthase is an enzyme dependent on:

Answer 37

B12

Question 38

Methyl carbon from folate is transferred to homocysteine to form methionine by 

Answer 38

methionine synthase

Question 39

Megaloblastic anemia

Answer 39

large, hypochromic RBCs and deranged DNA synth in erythropoietic cells 

Question 40

Megaloblastic anemia is a sign of

Answer 40

folate deficiency

Question 41

B12 is a cofactor of what 2 enzymes?

Answer 41

methionine synthase, methylmalonyl CoA mutase

Question 42

Fxn of methionine synthase

Answer 42

remethylates homocysteine; demtheylates reduced methylated folate, making folate available for coenzymes

Question 43

Methylmaolnyl CoA mutase

Answer 43

catalyzes conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA; conversion needed in metabolism of some FA and AA

Question 44

Folate main fxn

Answer 44

donating and receiving carbon units

Question 45

Sources of B12

Answer 45

gut bacteria, coprophagy, ruminal bacteria

Question 46

Synthesis of vitamin B12 requires

Answer 46

cobalt

Question 47

Animal sources of B12

Answer 47

meat, dairy

Question 48

Plant sources of B12

Answer 48

none

Question 49

Absorption of B12 occurs in

Answer 49

ileum

Question 50

"intrinsic factor" required for absorption of:

Answer 50

B12

Question 51

Intrinsic factor produced by:

Answer 51

gastric mucosa, pancreas, salivary gland

Question 52

Causes of B12 deficiency

Answer 52

low intake, maldigestion (disease), lacking vit B12 in methionine synthase

Question 53

Signs of B12 deficiency

Answer 53

megaloblastic anemia; neuro disease (similar to folate)

Question 54

Diagnosis of B12 deficiency

Answer 54

megaloblastic anemia; [B12]

Question 55

Vitamin C is synthesized from:

Answer 55

glucose

Question 56

Vitamin C main fxn

Answer 56

electron donor for enzymes;

Question 57

a 6-carbon "lactone"

Answer 57

vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Question 58

Sources of vit C

Answer 58

fruits, vegetables; animal sources are POOR

Question 59

Least stable of all vitamins

Answer 59

vitamin C

Question 60

T or F: Dogs and cats do not require dietary vitamin C.

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Dehydroascrobic acid is:

Answer 61

part catbolized oxalic acid, a substrate of uroliths (kidney and bladder stones)

Question 62

Animals that require dietary vit C

Answer 62

primates, guinea pigs, some snakes and fish and birds

Question 63

Cause of vit C deficiency

Answer 63

low dietary intake

Question 64

Scurvy

Answer 64

human symptoms of vitamin C deficiency; SQ hemorrhages, joint pain, anorexia, edema, teeth loosening