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export_neuro pharm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the visual axis?

A

A line from greatest curvature of eyeball. And passes through area centralis.

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2
Q

Describe the optic nerve

A

Exits ventromedialy from the bulb. Deccusates at optic chiasm.

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3
Q

Name different types of calcium channels?

A

L type - slows, sustained
N type

T type - fast

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4
Q

Inc intracellular calcium of the pre-synaptic neurone results in…

A

NT release into synaptic cleft

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5
Q

Name 3 NTs?

A

ACh
Glutamate

GABA

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6
Q

Why does smokig only act in the brains AChR not muscles?

A

Because the nicotinic AChR are different

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7
Q

What does AChE break ACh into?

A

acetate and choline

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8
Q

What bdown ACh in the blood?

A

Pseudocholinesterases

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9
Q

What is organo-phosphates primary action?

A

To inhibit AChE and pseudo-ChE

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10
Q

Describe the uptake of MA into the pre-syn neurone

A

Uptake of whole molecule by MA transporters. Cleaved by MAO within cell.

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11
Q

What NT is primarily responsibel for inhibitry PSP in the brain?

A

GABA

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12
Q

What is the difference between nicotinic and muscarinic ACh R?

A 
Muscarinic = G-protein and either excitatory OR inhib
Nicotinic = Ion channels
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13
Q

Name and describe the 2 GABA Receptors?

A 
GABA-A = ion channel
GABA-B = g protein
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14
Q

Describe the action of the following drugs on GABA-A R.
a. Benzodiazepines

b. neuroactive steroids
c. barbituates

A

a. activate channel
b. facilitate opening

c. potentiate GABA-A action

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15
Q

What is the difference between pain and nociception?

A

Pain is when nociceptive stimuli is processed in the brain

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16
Q

Describe polymodal pain receptors

A

Stimulus causes ion channels the open along pain pathway.

Ruffini receptors.

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17
Q

Describe the spinothalamic pain pathway

A
  • peripheral afferent pain fibre enters Dorsal horn
  • processed in laminae 2 in substantia gelatinosa which releases substance P
  • synapses and decussates to contralateral spinothalamic tract
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18
Q

Name the 2 parts of the ventrolateral tract#

A

spinoreticular and spinothalamic

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19
Q

describe the spinoreticular tract

A

True pain

run up ventrolateral tract until the reticular formation in the medulla

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20
Q

What is the spinocervical?

A

Similar to spinothalamic, detects flea
tract asc in lat funiculus

decussates at level of lat cervical nucleus

asc in medial lemniscus to thalamus

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21
Q

Describe the pain gate

A

Desc fibres from PAG release serotonin @ pain gate
this paingate neurone releases enkaphalins

these inhib transmission of pain from C fibre to 2ry pain afferent to spinothalamic tract

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22
Q

What is r eferred pain

A

pain is felt in a particular site but originates elsewhere

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23
Q

What is phantom limb pain?

A

perceived sensation of amputated limb. Due to random firing of withdrawn nerve fibres.

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24
Q

What is hyperalgesia

A

sensitisation from inflammation.

spinal cord re-wiring

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25
Anti-dromic neurotransmission is..?
pain is detected and stimulates more chemoreceptors to be released, exacerbating the issue. 
26
What is the difference between sedative and tranquilisers?
``` Sed = calm, dowsy leads to sleep Tranq = calm, alert leads to catalepsy (unresponsive) ```
27
Name the 4 classes of sedatives in Vet Med?
1. Benzodiazepines 2. A2- agonists 3. Phenothiazines 4. Butyrophenones
28
Describe BZD therapeutic properties
1) muscle relaxant 2) anxiolytic 3) anti-seizure 4) amnestic NB NO analgesia!
29
What does MADME stand for?
M - mechanism A - absorption D - distrubution M - Metabolism E - elimination
30
What is the 1st Pass metabolism?
* immediate toxin (drug) removal | * via heptic portal vein before enters b. stream
31
Name a BZD reversal agent?
Flumazenil
32
What are the different function of alpha 1 and 2 receptors?
``` A-1 = smooth m contraction eg blood vessels (stim by NA) A-2 = smooth m contraction AND at neurones inhib of NA effects ```
33
Describe effects on A-2 receptors
Neurone releases NA --> attatches to A1 receptor = vascon of vessel (eg) NA in synapse feedback to A2R on pre-sy terminal = inhib NA release Dec NA release --> stops vasocon and other smooth m contraction and reduces B1 effects (eg HR)
34
Why are A2 agonists desired in sedatives?
* red HR * muscle relaxant * analgesic properties
35
What are the side effects of A2 agonists?
CV depression --> hypotension (partic as HR reduced!)
36
Name 3 a2 agonists
* xylazine * medetomidine * detomidine
37
Name a A2 antagonist (reversal)
Antipamezole (wild upon waking) and reverses analgesia too!
38
What are the properties of phenothiazines?
* wide antagonist action: * D2 * Muscarinic cholin * Histomine * Alpha 1 * Dopamine ! neuroleptics
39
Name 2 Phenothiazines
ACP (ace promazine) | Chlorpromazine
40
Negative side effects of Phenothiazines
* NO ANALGESIA * anticholin (dry mouth etc) * enhance narcotic effects of other drugs * tremor common * hypotention/hypothermia * incoordination
41
Name 2 classes of sedative which are also anti-emetics
Phenothiazines and Butyropherones
42
Name a Butyropherone
Azaperone (Stresnil)
43
Describe the inputs involved in emesis
``` Pain pathway (histamine) + Vestibular (ACh) = immediate sickness CTZ (chem trigger zone in 4th ventricle) is dopamine path = poorly or alcohol induced. ```
44
Why is dopamine often targeted in sedatives?
Lots of dopamine R in basal ganglion (involved in movement) 
45
What are the main functions of local anaesthetic (exc pain relief)
reduce need for GA, diagnosis of situation of pain
46
What are LA (local anaesthetics) often combined with?
Vasoconstrictors to prevent spread of analgesia (often adrenaline)
47
What is polymodal pain control?
When multiple nociceptors are target either by a single drug or a combination.
48
Name 3 local anaesthetics
Lidocaine Mepivicaine Bupivicaine
49
What LA is toxic, causes vasocon with a very long half life??
Bupivicaine
50
Why do LA target pain fibers over motor fibers?
Unmyelinated and thinner so easier to act on.
51
MiLK is used fo anaesthesia of horses, what does it contain? 
Morphine, Lidocaine and Ketamine
52
Describe the major properties of opioids
* analgesics * narcotics * anti-diarrh * anti-tussive * sedation or excitment * nausea
53
Name 3 opiods, excluding morphine
1. Fentanyl 2. Pethidine 3. Buprenorphine
54
Buprenorphine is.
- slow on and offset | - mixed agon/antag
55
What 3 opioids are mu agonists?
- fentanyl - morphine - pethidine - etorphine is a mu and kappa agonist!
56
What opioid receptors do Buprenorphine and butorphenol ANTAGonise?
Muu
57
What opioid receptor do buprenorphine and butophenol AGONise?
Kappa
58
What opioid is a D, M and K antagonist?
Naloxone
59
Which type of opioid results in a 'ceiling effect' over a certain dose.
* Ag-antag opioids | * (buprenorphine and butorphenol) High affinity @ mu and kappa receptors top-ups inc side effects, not analgesia
60
Why would you use a opioid antag such as Naloxone?
Reversal if OD
61
Describe the opioid receptor G-pCR mechanism
* OpR bound to Gprotein * Op binds, GDP dissociates * GTP replaces it * opioid detatches * 2nd messanger * intracellular changes and effects * inhib Subs P, ACh and NA
62
There are three opioid intracellular mech of action
* dec Ca++ entry * inc efflux of K+ * Inhib Adenylate cyclase
63
Mu receptor agonists action in the dorsal horn is..
to prevent Ca++ influx and so supress substance P release. (GABApentine does same!)
64
Fentanyl + ACP = 
sedative
65
What opioid is used in immobilisation fo large game?
Etorphine
66
Name a drug that will reverse resp depression (can be caused by opioids)
Doxapram (analeptic) and DOESN'T reverse analgesia
67
Name a NMDA blocker
Amantadine
68
What are the aims of balanced anaesthesia
- sleep - immobilisation - analgesia - muscle relaxant
69
Name 3 classes of injectable induction agent
- Ketamine - Barbituates - Propofol
70
Name 3 barbituates
1. Pentobarbitone 2. Phenylbarbutol 3. Thiopentone
71
Therapeutic index (TI)
The ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective (therapeutic) dose. 
72
Why do barbituates give a nasty after effect?
Stores in fat, where it is then slowly metabolised
73
Propofol properties
- GABAa R = target - CV depression - safer than thiopentone
74
Ketamine properties
- eyes open - NMDA-R - V++ analgesic - INC muscle tone - INC salivation
75
What are neuroactive steroids
Progesterone derviative which target GABA receptors. Good for tonic inhibition. 
76
Name a neuroactive steroid used in Pharmaceuticals?
Alfaxalone
77
Alfaxalone properties
- GABA-ergic agon - no inj pain - liver metab; urinary excretion - NO analgesia - less CV depression than propofol
78
Name 4 inhalation maintenance agents:
* Iso * Sevo * halo * N20 (Ether)
79
What is 5mmol in mBar?
50mBar
80
What is the speed of a volatile anaesthetic is dependant on...
lipid solubility (more lipid sol the better potency)
81
What is the MAC
Minimal alveolar concentration
82
What is MAC definition?
concentration to cause sleep in 50% of the animals.
83
What is the benefits of sevofluorane?
Non-teratogen, low blood solubility and 100 % excreted by lungs (same as iso) - more potent - quicker action - need expertise!
84
Why is halofluorane no longer used?
teratogenic
85
Why would N2O be used?
Good analgesia V swift to act No sleep as not potent enough
86
What is diffusion hypoxia?
Seen in N2O, if turned off it moves so swwiflt from the blood into the lungs other gases cant enter lungs fast enough. NOs cause bronchconstr = hypoxia
87
What is the 2nd gas effect?
N2O moves into blood so rapidly the concentration of other gases relative the N2O will increase!
88
How do you verify death?
Heart CN Vital signs Reflexes
89
Name 3 methods of euthanasia
1. Gas - welfare concerns with panic with poorly controlled CO2/CO levels 2. Inj - IV best. Pentobarbitone w/ local anesthetics as stings. 3. Gun - medullar oblongata

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