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VSCI200 NSF > export_respiratory system > Flashcards

export_respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What innate defense to foreign particles or MOs is present in the trachea?

A

Mucociliary escalator

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2
Q

What is the manubrium?

A

The Cranial part of the sternum

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3
Q

Where is the xyphoid process?

A

Base of the sternum

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4
Q

Describe the diaphragm’s location

A
  • between the thorax and abdomen
  • T12;
  • hypaxial muscle composed of skeletal muscle tissue
  • crural, costal and sternal
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5
Q

Holes of Diaphragm

A

1) Aorta Hiatus
2) Oesophageal Hiatus

3) Caval foramen

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6
Q

What is ciliary dyskinesia

A

Cilia not coordinated, congen. Animals will be prone to ear and resp infections.

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7
Q

Lobar bronchus becomes many tertiary bronchi which supplies..

A

Bronchopulmonary segments

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8
Q

What divides the lungs into lobules?

A

Peribronchiole CT

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9
Q

Luncg tumors can only be removed if…

A

within the same bronchopulmonary segment

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10
Q

What is monopodial division?

A

Equal sized daughters, stemming from below the growing point.

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11
Q

After 6 monopodial divisions, what happens?

A

Parent stem divides to produse many much smaller daughter bronci. Inc Xsectional Area

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12
Q

What does the trachealis muscle do?

A

It sits behind trachea inbetween trachea and esophagus. It relaxes during swallowing and contracts during coughing to narrow lumen

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13
Q

Semicircular tracheal rings in dogs allows….

A

tracheal expansion, effect of gravity.

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14
Q

Define a bronchiole

A

*

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15
Q

Define the order of bronchiole divisions

A

Bronchioles –> terminal –> resp zone –> resp b –> alveola sacs –> alveoli

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16
Q

Respiratory bronchioles have

A
  • clara cells
  • cuboidal epi, no cilia
  • no goblet cells
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17
Q

What are clara cells

A

Cells in resp bronchioles and alveoli
Secrete surfactant

non-ciliated

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18
Q

Describe alveoli

A

ALVEOLI

  • Round to cup-shaped
  • Simp Sq epi surrounded by Capill.
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19
Q

What are type 1 alveocytes

A

epi cells, thinly ‘spread’

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20
Q

What are type 2 alveocytes

A

Clara cells. surfactant producing, very few

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21
Q

What is a Bronchovascular bundle?

A
  1. bronchi
  2. artery
  3. vein
  4. lymphatic vessel
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22
Q

What property of the capillary network means that secondary neoplasia is common?

A

There are no arteriovenous anastomoses so all blood must run through lung cap bed.

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23
Q

Describe the blood supply to the lungs

A
  • Brochial a from aorta –> bronchi
  • Follow and divide with bronchioles
  • At resp bronchioles –> drain away
  • drain = CR VC, Azygous, Pulm v –> LA
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24
Q

Nervous supply of lungs…

A
  • pulmonary plexus
  • parasymp from vagus
  • symp from trunk T2-T5
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25
Trachea forms from....
F-gut outpouching
26
The oesophagous is sep from the trachea by bilateral tracheo-oesophageal grooves which meet to form..
laryngeotracheal tube
27
Laryngeotracheal tube becomes 
lobar bronchi
28
What embryological tissue forms the visceral lining
endoderm
29
Foetal Hb has a _______ affinity for Oxygen
Higher
30
What is the value of the negative pressure of the lungs
60mmHg below atmospheric
31
horses inspiration / expiration is
both passive and active - biphastic breathers
32
define compliance
= change in lung volume/change in lung pressure
33
surface tension is..
when Hbonds cause water to behave as a film
34
Surfactant is needed to ...
* reduce surface tension * break h bonds * allows alveoli to inflate
35
Alveolar pressure is defined as:
P(alv) = 2 x surface tension/radius
36
Would a small alveolus have a smaller or larger pressure
same as higher conc of surfatant
37
Resistance is calc by:
R = 8 x length x substance/ Pi x radius x 4
38
How do horses increase the radius of their upper airways
nostrils and conchi dilate
39
Smooth muscle can be manipulated to increase radius of airways, how?
B2 Adreno-R agonists --> dil | Para stim ---> bronchspasm
40
function dead space =
not perfused so no gas exchange
41
atmos p at sea level = 
760mmHg
42
pO2 = 
21%
43
The higher the partial pressure, the _____ it will dissolve
easier
44
PH20 at alveolus = 
50mmGh
45
Ferric iron (Fe3+) has a higher or lower affinity to Hb than Fe2+?
Higher
46
What is methaemoglobin?
Hb Fe+++, not 2+! Lower Oxy carrying ability, higher affinity though!
47
Increased body temp, ___ Hbs affinity for O2
Decreases. exercising m need O2 when hot
48
What is chlorid shift?
When Cl- move into a RBC as a Bicarbonate ion moves into plasma
49
On an Xray veins are where?
Ventral and central
50
Alveolar vessels are
capillaries which undergo gas exchange
51
What happens during lung inflation to the alv and extraalv vessels?
- Alveolar vessels collapse via stretch of the alv wall | - Extraalv expand via radial traction and perfuse lungs tissue
52
Sympathetic control of the bronchial vasculature results in...
constriction
53
Nitrous oxide is released by endothelial cells when..
Para symp stim Bradykinin inc blood flow and speed causes vasodil (also red PLT and WBC adhesion!)
54
Hypoxia in lung tissue leads to 
vasocon, to redirect blood to more well perfused area
55
Cattle has lots of smooth m in bronchioles, poor ventilation will lead to..
Pulmonary hypertension inc afterload CHF
56
Describe the hering-Breuer reflex (hint: over inhalation)
* DORS resp centre stimulate inspiration * Stretch R in pons signal to pons to stop stimulation * this prevents over inhalation
57
What group of neurons is in charge of active exhalation?
Ventral resp group (usually passive)
58
What do the peripheral chemoreceptors monitor?
PaO2 PaCO2 pH
59
Where is the carotid body located?
Close the bifurcation of the Common to the internal and external. carotid sinus nerve (IX)
60
Central chemoreceptors detect..
PaCO2. AND pH when H+ is taken across BB with CO2
61
What pH is considered to be an alkalosis?
7.45
62
What is the normal blood pH?
7.4
63
Define metabolic acidosis?
Build up of acids (H+) from dissociation of non-volatile/fixed/nutritionally derived acids

VSCI200 NSF (25 decks)

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