Exposure models Flashcards
(10 cards)
patterns of drug use
- 30% in 1996
- 32% in 1998
- 33% in 2000
- 38% in 2022
- 8.8% in past year in 2024
NSDUH:
- 50% in 2022 in US
- 17% in 2022 in past year in US
graph patterns
- drug use stable over time
- most illicit use isnt every day
- younger people
- less affluent
- men
- vary by drug and age
exposure models
Bardo et al
- all at risk of addiction with sufficient exposure
- interact and change the brain > continued motivation
- models differ in explanation as to what sort of changes drugs produce in the brain and what motivations drives
withdrawal - avoid
“physical and psychological symptoms when drug is abstained”
initial high exhausts reward region of brain > withdrawal
aversive = negative reinforcement
- relapse - not long term abstinence
Wikler - triggered by external cues - environmental stimuli - paired with withdrawal
- learned association
- exposure to cues
- conditioned withdrawal
tolerance
pharmacodynamic: drugs effect at the cellular or receptor level become less pronounced
pharmacokinetic: body becomes more efficient at metabolising or eliminating the drug
positive conditioning
Hogarth et al
- data consistent with drug cues prime drug taking
- remind addict of positive appetitive qualities of drug
conditioned withdrawal
anecdotal reports from relapsed drug users > not always predicted
issues with conditioned withdrawal
- cant all be aversive
- midbrain dopamine cells increase activity when natural rewards and drug abuse detected
- drugs hijack brain substrate reward and consumed due to positive reinforcement
opponent process model - Soloman
- initial positive experience
- subsequent negative experience - restore balance > negative effect
- repeated use - initial positive effect becomes weaker, negative are stronger
- cycle of addict
conditioned tolerance
Siegel
high heroin dose to heroin tolerant rats
novel = 96%
usual = 64%
- environmental cues > drug opposite response
- may be aversive and motivate alleviate
