extra

Question 1

what causes blood clotting

Answer 1

ca

Question 2

what has ca sensor

Answer 2

chief cells

Question 3

what do osteocytes arise from

Answer 3

entombed osteoblasts

Question 4

central canal in bone

Answer 4

contains blood vessels

Question 5

unit of bone

Answer 5

osteon

Question 6

between osteocytes

Answer 6

lamella

Question 7

holes around osteocytes

Answer 7

canaliculi

Question 8

time of osteoclast activity

Answer 8

slower response time

Question 9

calcitriol

Answer 9

bioactive vitamin D
1,12 OH2 vitamin D

Question 10

what kind of hormone is vitamin D

Answer 10

steroid

Question 11

what activates kidney hydroxylation enzyme

Answer 11

low ionized calcium and phosphate
PTH
prolactin during lactation

Question 12

dose dependant resones and slow adn low lasting reposne to calcium

Answer 12

GI absorption

Question 13

vitamin D and PTH

Answer 13

inc response of bone to PTH (resorption)

Question 14

what causes hypoparathyroidsim

Answer 14

autoimmuen disease of physical damage to glands

Question 15

symptoms of hypoparathyroidsm

Answer 15

inc neuromuscular excitability inc nerve permeability to NA
parasthersia
tetany
dangerous bc failure of respiration

Question 16

secondary cause of hyperparathyroidism

Answer 16

renal disesase or vitamin d deficiency

Question 17

what does hyperparathyroidism due to vitamin D deficiency cause

Answer 17

rickets in kids
osteomalacia in adults

Question 18

activates more than 1000 genes

Answer 18

vitamin D

Question 19

what causes osteoporosis

Answer 19

evey hormone is normal but inc osteoclast and decreases osteoblast

Question 20

inhibits bone resorption by decreasing osteoclast activity

Answer 20

estrogen and calcitonin

Question 21

source of glucose in brain during fast

Answer 21

protien

Question 22

primary energy resivoir

Answer 22

fat

Question 23

first energy source

Answer 23

glucose

Question 24

diabetes insipidus cause

Answer 24

ADH deficiency

Question 25

insulin absense- what does this cause

Answer 25

in type 1, glucagon glucose sensing fails so more glucose in blood for treatment need insuliin and somatostatin

Question 26

AIC for normal

Answer 26

5%

Question 27

AIC for diabetic

Answer 27

6.5-7%

Question 28

target fasting glucose for diabetic

Answer 28

4-7

Question 29

target two hour glucose for diabetic

Answer 29

5-10

Question 30

normal fasting blood glucose range

Answer 30

less than 6

Question 31

what diabetes with metabolic disease

Answer 31

type 2

Question 32

what is the sensor for insulin release

Answer 32

beta cells

Question 33

TZDS fucntion

Answer 33

insulin sensitizing drugs for type 2 improved AIC and glucose control

Question 34

TZDS fucntion

Answer 34

insulin sensitizing drugs for type 2 improved AIC and glucose controlm

Question 35

mechanism of action for TZDS

Answer 35

inc fat storage reducing circulating FA, blood glucose and hyperinsulemai

Question 36

health risk of TZDS

Answer 36

bone density cancer CVD

Question 37

central fat

Answer 37

visceral

Question 38

peripheral fat

Answer 38

subcutaneous

Question 39

two control centres in hypothalamus

Answer 39

feeding centre and satiety centre

Question 40

4 types of input to hypothalamus

Answer 40

1. cerebral cortex 2. limbic system 3. peptide hormones from GI 4. adipokines from adipose tissue

Question 41

adipose tissue endocrin

Answer 41

it is endocrinologically active

Question 42

grhein, body fat and muscel mass

Answer 42

inc with decreased bod fat inc with inc muscle mass

Question 43

metabolic syndrome

Answer 43

high blood glucose high bp high TG low HDL abdominal obesity

Question 44

how are exocrine hormones in pancreas secreted

Answer 44

pancreatic duct

Question 45

how are endocrine hormones of pancreas secreted

Answer 45

hepatic portal vein

Question 46

acts in paracrine fashion

Answer 46

somatostatin

Question 47

where does glut 4 put glucose

Answer 47

resting skeletal muscel and adipose

Question 48

activates enzymes that synthesze FA from glucseo

Answer 48

insulin

Question 49

what hormone has sympathetic activity

Answer 49

somatostatin

Question 50

increases ketone bodies and blod FA

Answer 50

glucagon

Question 51

what causes hypersecreiton of insulin

Answer 51

beta cell tumor overdose of insulin

Question 52

what cuases tpye 1 diabetes

Answer 52

autoimmune destruction of beta cells