INTRO

Question 1

Frederick banting

Answer 1

1923- insulin

Question 2

charles huggins

Answer 2

1966- how hormones control the spread of some cancers

Question 3

david hubel

Answer 3

1981- information processing in the visual system

Question 4

jack szostak

Answer 4

2009- how chromosomes are protected by telomeres

Question 5

ralph steinman

Answer 5

2011- the dendritic cells and its role in adaptive immunity

Question 6

physiology

Answer 6

study of normal functioning of a living organism and its compoenent parts including chemical and physical processes

Question 7

what makes up 99%

Answer 7

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 8

what makes up 1%

Answer 8

calcium, phosphorus, potassium

Question 9

four primary types of tissues

Answer 9

nervous tissue- electrical impulse transmission
muscle tissue- force generation
epithelial tissue-secretory function
connective tissue-support and anchoring function

Question 10

organ level

Answer 10

two or more types of primary tissue

Question 11

organ example

Answer 11

stomach: inside wall is lined with epethelial tissue
wall of stomach contains smooth muscle
nervous tissue controls contration and gland secretion
connective tissue binds it all together

Question 12

do body systems act in isolation

Answer 12

no

Question 13

central concept of physiology

Answer 13

homeostasis

Question 14

intrinsic control system

Answer 14

local control of muscle

Question 15

extrinsic control system

Answer 15

nervous and endocrine control of various organs

Question 16

examples of positive feedback

Answer 16

childirth
wound clotting

Question 17

ECF

Answer 17

Extracellular fluid
contains plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 18

functions of cell membrane

Answer 18

physical barrier
gateway for exchange
communication
cell structure (junctions stabilize tissue structure)

Question 19

examples of membrane proteins

Answer 19

ion channels
carrier molecules
membrane bound enzymes
receptors
cell adhesion molecules

Question 20

can aqueous molecules go through the membrane

Answer 20

no unless they have some sort of transportaion

Question 21

assisted transport

Answer 21

carrier mediated
-passive or active
vesicular transport

Question 22

two properties influence if substance can permeate without assitance

Answer 22

relative solubility
size of particle

Question 23

what are the two forces that drive molecules to permeate the plasma membrane on their own

Answer 23

chemical and electrical

(electrochemical)

Question 24

no net diffuction

Answer 24

steady state

Question 25

diffusion across a lipid bilayer

Answer 25

simple diffusion

Question 26

how is diffusion across a lipid bilayer controlled

Answer 26

the surface area of the membrane and the thickness of the membrane, concentration gradient, molecular wieght, -- FICKS LAW OF DIFFUSION

Question 27

tonicity

Answer 27

the effect a solution has on cell volume (non penetration solutes)

Question 28

hypotonic

Answer 28

more solute inside and SWELL

Question 29

hypertonic

Answer 29

more solute outside and SHRINK

Question 30

facilitated diffusion

Answer 30

passitve transport (down concentration gradient)

Question 31

example of facilitated diffusion

Answer 31

transport of glucose into a cell

Question 32

difference bw carrier mediated transprt and simple diffusion

Answer 32

carrier mediated is directly proportional to concentration gradient until the carrier is saturated

Question 33

NA K pump how many in and out

Answer 33

3 Na out 2 K in

Question 34

phagocytosis

Answer 34

actin mediated process by which a cell engulfs a particle into a large membrane bound vesicle called a phagosome

Question 35

what produces and packages materials for secrection

Answer 35

ER and golgi complex

Question 36

what requires exocytosis

Answer 36

secretion of horomes or enzymes, addition of compoenents to membrane, membrane recycling

Question 37

what regulates the release of secretory vesicles

Answer 37

intracellular Ca2+

Question 38

what is membrane potential influenced by

Answer 38

permeability of a few important ions

Question 39

where does seperation of charge take place

Answer 39

across the membrane

Question 40

what determines membrane potential

Answer 40

1. concentration of ions inside and outside 2. permability 3. activity of electrogenc pumps

Question 41

potential

Answer 41

separation of charge

Question 42

where are the negative charged proteins that are impermeable in the cell membrane

Answer 42

inside the cell

Question 43

what is membrane potential measured in

Answer 43

milivolts

Question 44

resting membrane potential

Answer 44

-70, minus means cells is negative on inside

Question 45

permability of Na

Answer 45

moderate

Question 46

permeability of k

Answer 46

high

Question 47

permeabiity of A-

Answer 47

no permeability

Question 48

eqm potential for k

Answer 48

-90

Question 49

eqm potential for Na

Answer 49

+60

Question 50

equilibrium potential

Answer 50

in a cell that is permeable to just one ion, the membrane potential that exactly opposes the concentration gradient

Question 51

why is the membrane potential closer to that of k and not Na

Answer 51

becasue at rest the membrane is 50-75x more permeable to k so it infleunces the resting membrane portential to a greater extent

Question 52

concentration of Cl

Answer 52

higher in ECF

Question 53

permeability of Cl

Answer 53

high

Question 54

eqm potentioa of Cl

Answer 54

-70

Question 55

depolarization

Answer 55

net inward flow of +ve ions

Question 56

hyperpolarization

Answer 56

net outward flow of +ve ions

Question 57

repolarization

Answer 57

returning to resting potential after being deporalized

Question 58

types of gated channels

Answer 58

1. voltage 2. chemically 3. mechanically 4. thermally

Question 59

2 types of electric signals

Answer 59

1. graded 2. action

Question 60

graded potentials

Answer 60

local changed in membrane potential in small specialized region of excitable cell membranes produced by triggering events. magnitude and duration is related to magnitude and duration of triggering event

Question 61

what kind of gated channels for graded potentials

Answer 61

chemically or mechanically

Question 62

how can depolarixation spread from a trigger zone

Answer 62

by local current

Question 63

can current loss occur across the membrane

Answer 63

ye

Question 64

signalling distance of graded potential

Answer 64

limited due to currrent loss but graded potentials can sum to initiate action potentials

Question 65

equation used to calculate the resting membrane potential at 37

Answer 65

GHK equation