Extra Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
What marking do body cells recognize not to attack?
A
MHC Class l
2
Q
ANP is opposite to
A
Angiotensin ll
3
Q
Tubular Reabsorption
A
Movement of water and solutes from nephron tubules to bloodstream
4
Q
Tubular secretion
A
Movement of water and solutes from circulation into tubules
5
Q
Vasa recta
A
Formed from the afferent arteriole, basically capilleries that follow the path of renal tubules allowing for secretion and absorption
6
Q
Glomerulus part of
A
afferent arteriole NOT nephron
7
Q
Are ureters retroperitoneal
A
yes
8
Q
Benefit of transitional epitheliu
A
Able to stretch
9
Q
Is secretion selective
A
Yes only waste is actively secreted
10
Q
Is reabsorption selective
A
Yes
11
Q
Main
A
12
Q
MSH, HGH
A
Released by pit gland
13
Q
ADH released by
A
Pit gland mde by hypothalamus
14
Q
Describe Olfactory receptor
A
1-month lifespan
- Bipolar axon with a dendrite
- The hair /cilia is the site of transduction
15
Q
Taste buds not common in adults
A
Foliate
16
Q
What are gustatory receptor cells
A
Microglia sticking up to the surface
17
Q
Types of papillae
A
Vallate (large)
Fungiform (all over)
Filiform (for tactile only)
18
Q
Tarsal plate
A
Connective tissue beneath eyelid
19
Q
Types of conjuctiva
A
Bulbar (Whites of eyes)
Paplebral (Under eyelids)
20
Q
Flow of tears
A
lacrimal glands (Produce tears)
↓
* lacrimal (excretory) ducts - distribute over surface of eye (moisten + antibiotiscs protect
↓
* superior/inferior lacrimal canal – drain tears into …
↓
* lacrimal sac – drains tears into
↓
* nasolacrimal duct – drains into
↓
* nasal cavity
21
Q
Vascular tunic
A
ciliary body and iris)
- choroid
- Most vascular part (very post.)
- Give good blood supppy and nutrition to retina
22
Q
Ciliary components
A
Process: Folds of body, produce aqueous humor
muscle: Control size of lens
Zonules: Attatch body to lens
23
Q
Two types of cells in bipolar layer
A
Amacrine: For tubocharging visual acuity through contrast
Horizontal: Shutting off parts of visual field for greater contrast
24
Q
Macula Lutea
A
Midline of vision coming in
25
Area of vision with only cones
Central fovea
26
Which form of mac degen can be treated?
Wet (Leaky BV)
NOT muscle atrophe
27
GLycoma
Pressure inside eye-damaging optic nerve
28
Cavities (chambers) of eye
Anterior cavity
- Anterior chamber: Bw cornea and iris
- Posterior chamber: Bw iris and lens
Vitreous chamber
29
What do Utricle and vestibule help with?
Balance and equilibrium
30
What is the vestibule
A division of the bony labrinth
31
3 divisions of bony labrynth
Semicircular canals
vestibule
cochlea
32
Utricle and saccule
Sacs contained within the vestibule
- contain maculae for regulating static equilibrium
(contribute to dynamic)
33
Regulators of equilibrium in semicircular canals?
Cristae regulates dynamic equilibrium
34
What is white pulp
Part of the parenchyma of the spleen
Surrounds major afferent BVs
Contains many kinds of lymphocytes (WBCs)
Contains:
Macrophages
central arteries
35
Complement (protein) system
group of about 30+ proteins present in blood plasma and on cell membranes
when activated, these proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions
36
Major histocompatibility complex antigens OR HLA antigens
aid in the detection of foreign invaders. All cells except red blood cells display MHC class I antigens.
37
Natural killer cells
Eliminate everything that doesn't have MHC 1 marker
Through direct contact binding (Aptosis)
Releasing perforin into cell membrane causes it to rupture
38
Role of transferrins
Type of interferon that Inhibit antigen cell growth
39
Role of interferons
Stop virus replication also enhance the activity of phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, inhibit cell growth and suppress tumor formation
40
APC
Antigen presenting cell
Mark cells as MHC Class 2 so other cells know to attack
41
How does immunological memory work
Primary response: igG cells and igM cells respond similarally to first exposure
Secondary response: Second exposure results in Tremendous spike in IgG: Bc of memory cells produced in primary response
- Relative spike in IgM
42
What does it mean for an antibody to neutralize an antigen
prevent attachment of antigen cells to healthy cells
43
Neutrophils
phagocytes that are smaller than macrophages and can travel to problem area through bloodstream
44
How much lymph produced and reabsorbed
3L and 3L
45
sequence of lymph
Blood capillaries → interstitial spaces → lymphatic capillaries → lymphatic vessels → nodes and trunks → L & R lymphatic ducts → subclavian veins/jugular
46
Pieces of thymus and cells contained
Cortex: Pre-T cells, Dendritic cells (APCs), epithelial cells, and macrophages
Medulla: Mature T cells
47
Parts of lymph node and cells contained
Outer Cortex: B cells, Dendritic cells, macrophages
Inner cortex: Mature T cells, Dendritic (APCs), B cells
Deep medulla: B cells, plasma cells, macrophages
48
Lymph flow through node
Afferent lymph vessel (Incoming only)
Subcapsular sinus
Trabecular sinus
Medullary sinus
Efferent lymph vessel
49
Parynchyma of spleen
White pulp: WBCs and macrophages, surrounding afferent BVs
Red Pulp:
Contains blood supply of spleen in venous sinuses
Splenic cord of lymphatic tissue
- RBCs
- Macrophages
- Plasma cells
- Lymphocytes
- Granulocytes
50
Lymphatic nodules found
Lamina propria of MALTS
51
Phases of chemotaxis
* Chemotaxis
* Adherence
* Ingestion
* Digestion
* Killing and residual bodies
52
leukocytosis
Residual bodies of phagocytes post engulfing that form pocket and are excreted through pus
53
Distinguishing properties of immunity
specificity and memory.
54
T cells and B cells derive from what
pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow
55
Types of adaptive immunity
Cell mediated (T-cells attacking foreign cells)
Anti-body mediated (humoral) (AMI) (=
Clonal Selection (Lymphocyte proliferating)
56
Immunogenicy
ability to provoke an immune response by
stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation
of specific T cells, or both.
57
APCs include
macrophages, B cells, Dendritic cells
58
Killer T cells 3 stratgies
Insert periform into cell creating pores
Lymotoxin (damagin enzyme inside target cell
Kill target cell with granzymes
59
5 antibody actions
i) Neutralizing Antigen
ii) Immobilizing Bacteria
iii) Agglutinating and Precipitating Antigen
iv) Activating Complement
v) Enhancing Phagocytosis
60
Opsonization
process enhancing phagocytosis
61
Self immunty vs self tolerence
Immune cells recognize it's own cells and ALSO don't react with them
62
3 types of surface mucous cells in the stomach
Mucous neck cells (Mucous to protect stom from acid)
Chief cells (pepsinogen)
Parietal cells (produce HCL)
All exocrine glands
63
G cell
Produce/secrete gastrin
64
Pancreas cells
Mostly acini (exocrine)
Some pancreatic islets (endocrine)
A: Glucogen (increase blood glucose)
B: Insulin (decrease blood glucose)
D: Slows down glycogen + insulin (digestion)
F: Decrease secretions and bile, more time to digest before stomach adds more fod
65
Components of pancreatic juice
Pancreatic amalayse
trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
pancreatic lipases
ribonuclease
deoxyribonuclease
66
Pancreatic secretions and SI
* Secretin: If secretin hormone goes up, pancreatic secretions go
up
* CCK (cholecystokinin): When there is food or chime in the small intestine, CCK production goes up
* Secretions in the small intestine goes up
67
Hepatic sinusoids
Of liver
- Blood vessels
- stellate reticulocytes (Kupffer)
Stellate reticuloendothelial cell are phagocytic cell within hepatic sinusoids
68
Portal Triad made up of
Hepatic vein, hepatic artery, bile duct
69
How does bile move from liver to galbladder
Bile → bile canaliculi → bile ductules → bile ducts →Merge to form R and L hepatic ducts → Exit liver as common hepatic duct → Stored in gallbladder by way of cystic duct
70
Liver functions
Carb metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Protein metabolism
Drug and antiobiotic processing
Bilirubin excretion
Bile salt synthesis
Storage
Phagocytosis
Vit D activation
71
carbohydrate metabolism
Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose
- Gluconeogenesis: Production of glucose from non hydrolatic sources
72
Major roles of SI
i) Digestion
ii) Absorption
73
3 types of cells making up intestinal glands and brush border
Goblet cells: Secreting mucous
Paneth Cells: Secreting lysosomes (phagocytes)
Lacteal: Middle of each villus, absorbs large fats into lymph
74
What hormones are secreted by cells along the brush border
S-cells (secretin)
CCK -cells (Cholecystokinin)
K-cells (Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide)
75
Brunner's glands (Duodenal glands)
Important, secretes alkaline secretion
- Important for neutralizing acidic environment coming from the stomach
76
MMC
Migrating motility complex
77
Chemical digestion that occurs in mouth, stomach and SI
M Carbs
S Proteins Fats
SI ALL
78
How fats absorbed into the bloodstream
Fats = micelle → brush border → TG → chylomicrons → lacteal of villus
79
Role of the LI
5% of absorption, fine tuning vitamin absorption and H2o absorption
- Role in bacteria production (good)
- Some ions/vitamins absorption finished up
- Produce bacteria that will help digestion.
80
Cells in mucosa/submucosa of LI
i) Intestinal Glands: Openings that go down into ducts
ii) Lamina Propria: Connective tissue (In each of the glands/elevations)
iii) Lymphatic Nodules: Green clusters part of immunity system
Goblet cells: produce mucous still
81
Teniae Colie
Longitudinal muscle in LI
82
Phases of digestion
Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal
83
Glycemic index
(How quickly do carbohydrates go from digestion to absorption)
- High glycemic (20-30 minutes from breakdown to absorption
- Low glycemic (1.5-2hr to go from digestion to absorption)
84
3 components of the filtration membrane
i) Glomerular endothelial cells with fenestrations
* Mesangial Cell
ii) Basal Lamina
iii) Podocyte
85
Facultative reabsorption occurs under direction of which hormone?
ADH
86
How does Antidiuretic hormone work
Increase in osmolarity (stimulus)
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect change
increase ADH release in blood
Increase permeabiilty of cells in DCT and collecting duct (by increasing aquaporin -2)
Facultative Water reabsorption
osmolarity normal
87
ADH affects on permability of ducts
When ADH high, DCT more permeable therefore more H2O reabsorped and less urine produced
88
Plasma Creatine blood test
- If blood creatinine level went up dramatical GFR level is not as functional/efficient as it should be
