Lab Final Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
Main hormone produced by thymus
A
Thymosin
2
Q
LH secreted by
A
Ant pit
3
Q
GH secreted by
A
ant. pit.
4
Q
Cortisol and cortisone are secreted by
A
Adrenal cortex
5
Q
MSH secreted by
A
Ant pit
6
Q
TSH secreted by
A
Ant pit
7
Q
Function of calcitonin
A
Decreases bloood Ca levels by inhibiting osteoclasts
8
Q
LH function
A
Triggers ovulation and. stimulates secretion of estrogen and progeserone
9
Q
PTH function
A
Increase blood Ca levels by stimulating osteoclast acitvity
10
Q
T3 and T4
A
Increases metabolism and BMR
11
Q
Glucagons vs insulin
A
Glucagon increase blodo glucose by stim liver to break down to glycogen into glucose
Insulin decreases blood glucose by trasnporting glucose into body cells
12
Q
Layers of peritoneum
A
Parietal and visceral
13
Q
Membranes of the parietal peritoneal
A
Mesentery – coils the SI
together, and binds it to
posterior abdominal wall.
Mesocolon – binds L. intestine
to posterior abdominal wall
Greater omentum – fatty
apron-like fold hanging over intestine
Lesser omentum –Connects stomach to the liver
Falciform ligament – connects
the liver to the anterior
abdominal wall
14
Q
Falciform ligament
A
connects
the liver to the anterior
abdominal wall and seperates it into two lobes
15
Q
Greater omentum
A
fatty
apron-like fold hanging over intestine
16
Q
Lesser omentum
A
Connects stomach to the liver
17
Q
Mesencolon
A
Mesocolon – binds L. intestine
to posterior abdominal wall
18
Q
Mesentary
A
coils the SI
together, and binds it to
posterior abdominal wall.
19
Q
3 pairs of salivary glands
A
Parotid, sublingual and submandibular
20
Q
Enzmes released by salivary glands
A
Amylase, lingual lipase (activated at low pH)
21
Q
4 Layers of esophagus
A
Mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
Adventia
22
Q
4 Regions of stomach
A
Cardia, fundus, body, pyloris
23
Q
Functions of low pH of stomach
A
Acid kills most bacteria
b) Converts pepsinogen to pepsin
What contributes to ulcers? c) Denatures proteins
24
Q
What produces mucous in the stomach
A
Goblet cells
25
Cells of the stomach
Columnar epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
G cells
26
G cells in stomach
secrete hormone
gastrin (promotes digestion in
different ways))
27
Chief cells in stomach
secrete pepsinogen
and gastric lipase (activated with
lingual lipase at low pH)
28
Parietal cells in stomach
secrete HCl
29
3 Regions of SI
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
30
3 modifications of SI for increasing surface area?
a) Plicae circulares – folds or ridges of
mucosa
b) Villi – finger like projections in all
of the mucosa
c) Microvilli – microscopic projections
on the surface of each villi
31
Absorptive cells in SI
Microvillli
32
Enteroendocrine cells in SI
– secrete
hormone secretin, cholecystokinin
(CCK) which stimulate secretion of
pancreatic juice
33
How is the pancreas an exocrine gland?
secretes pancreatic juice with
enzymes for all food groups:
- secretes bicarbonate juice: neutralizes
the acid from the stomach
34
How is the pancreas and endocrine gland
Secretes
i) Insulin – cells take up glucose
ii) Glucagon – release glucose
iii) (Somatostatin)
35
Liver cells do what
Produce bile for the emulsifcation of fat
36
Flow of bile
bile canaliculi >
bile duct >common hepatic
duct, then is stored in the gall
bladder (via cystic
duct)>common bile duct
37
Cirrhosis
Damaged liver due to alcohol
38
Functions of LI
-absorb water,
-lots of bacteria produce
Vitamin K, some B
-form and eliminate
feces
39
Clotting factor produced by liver
prothrombine
40
Inferior labial frenulum
Midline of gum/lip at front of mouth
40
Fauces in mouth
opening to oropharynx
41
larynpharnyx
After the oropharynx, connecting to the esopagus
42
Cecum
A blind pouch extending inferiorly from LI at ileal orfice to LRQ
43
Cuspid tooth
a K9
44
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
The opening where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct join together
45
Esophagus only function
Propulsion
46
Section of SI recieving bile, pancreatic secretions, and food
Duodenum
47
Finger like extensions of SI
Sintesitnal villi
48
Serous membrane lining abdominal wall
Parietal peritoneum
49
Serous membrane covering abdominal regions
Visceral Paritenium
50
Largest salivary gland
Parotid
51
Blood supply to liver pathway
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic sinusoids
Central vein
Hepatic vein
Inferior vena cava
52
What contrbtes to a subrstarte becoming a product?
An enzyme
53
Evidence of enzyme action in a substrate?
disappearance of substrate or
appearance of product
Test for pH and temp
54
What does amylase react with and form?
Carbohydrtaes (starches)
Simple sugars
55
What does pepsin react with and result in
Protein
Amino acids
56
Waht does lipase react with and from
Fat
Glycerol and FFA
57
Changing of an enzymes shape
Denaturation
58
Factors affecting enzyme actiivty
1) Temperature
2) pH
3) Concentration
4) Inhibitors (heavy metals, alcohol, etc)
59
Where is starch digestion completed
the S.I.
by pancreatic amylase and brush
border enzymes.
60
Tests for amylase
1. Lugol’s iodine test – to detect
the presence of starch
2. Benedict’s Test – to detect the
presence of reducing sugar
61
Lugol's test
Presence of starch = dark blue/black
No starch = redish orange
62
Benedicts test
For presence of reducing sugars
Ranging from blue (none)
Green (a few)
Yellow
Orange
Red (Most)
63
Amylase functions best at pH
7
64
Protein digestion begins in the
Stomach (HCl secreted by parietal cells)
65
Reasons stomach does not digest itself
1) thick mucus layer
2) tight junctions between epithelial cells
3) rapid renewal of epithelial cells.
66
Fat digestion begins
Lingual lipase (from mouth) activated by stomach and causes minal digestion of gats
Most digestio occurs in SI
67
Fat digestion in SI
Mechanical (Bile emulsification) = Larger fat droplets broken down into smaller droplets (Fat soluble vits released and absorbed)
Chemical digestion by lipass
68
Which digestion products can be absorbed directl into bloodstream
Glucose and amino acids
69
How are glycerol and fatty acids absorbed?
resynthesized
into triglycerides inside
the ep. cell, where they
form chylomicrons
(water soluble) and so
enter the lacteal in the villi
70
Enzymes that digest carbs are produced by what organs
Salivary glands
Pancreas
SI
71
Enzymes that digest lipids produced by
Salivary glands
Stomach
Small Intestine
72
Enzymes that digest proteins are produced by what organs
SI
Pancreas
Stomach
73
What does vomiting ruin in our teeth
Dentin
74
3 layers of tissue surrounding kidneys
Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia
75
Glomerulus
NOT PART OF nephron
arteriole filtering products out of blood to be reabbsorbed by nephron
76
Two types of nephrons
Cortical
Juxtamedullary
77
Urine formation
Renal corpuscle – afferent arteriole
enters the glomerulus (selective
permeable membrane
Filtered blood stays behind in the capillary and will form the vasa recta or the peritubular capillaries.
Reabsorption process starts in the Proximal convoluted tubule, which
continues through loop of Henle and Distal convoluted tubule.
Along the tubules of nephron, the simple cuboidal epithelial cells are lined with microvilli: increase the surface area for reabsorption, requires lots of energy
78
What does filtrate containe
Filtrate (contains water, glucose, ions,
amino acids, vitamins, urea, creatinine, waste etc.)
79
Bowmans capsule composed of what kind of cells?
SImple squamous epithelial cells
80
Tubular reabsorption
Along renal tubule and collecting duct, water ions and other substanes are reabsorbed from renal tubule into peritbular capillaries
81
Describe glomerular filtation
Blood plasma and dissoved substances (smaller than most proteins) are filtered into the glomerular capsule
82
Tubular secretion
Substances such as waste, drugs, and excess ions are secreted from peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule
83
Flow of urine
Bowman’s capsuleProximal convoluted tubuleLoop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubuleCollecting Duct
Papillary duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
urethra
84
Vasa recta
loop
shaped capillaries
extending from the efferent arteriole
into the medulla,
surrounding the
loop of Henle.
85
Blood supply to kidney
Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Cortical radiate arteries
Afferent arteriorles
Glomerular caillaries
eferent arteriolres
Peritubular capillaries
Cortical radiate veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobar veins
Renal vein
86
Male urethra vs female urethra
Male: 20 cm
Female 4cm
87
Detrusor muscle c
Of the bladder, contracts and pushes urine into urethra
88
ADH feedback loop
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus sense increase in blood osmolarity
ADH released by anterior pit gland
Increases permeability of distal convoluted tubule, causeing H2O reabsorption back into blood stream
89
Aldosterone feeedback loop
When blood osmolarity is low
Angiotensin II causes adrenal gland to release aldosterone causing increase Na reabsorption and H2O reabsorption in to distal tubules
90
What in a urnalysis would be indicitave of diabetes
Glucose in urine
protein in urine
ketones
91
Pit gland also called
Hypophysis
92
How are hormones released/inhibited from ant. pit.
Hormones released by hypothalamus
93
How are post pit hormones released
Store and release hormones produced in hypothalamus
94
Gonadotrophs
FSH and LH
95
Thyroid gland
Secretes T3 and T4
Regulates metabolic rate
C cells secrete calcitonin, reabsrobing Ca into bone
96
Parathyroid gland
4 round masses embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid gland
Chief cells secrete PTH
PTH increases blood calcium
97
Andrenal cortex secrtes
Aldosterone
Cortisol (and cotisone)
Androgens
98
What type of epitheal tissue present in the bladder
Transitional epithelium
99
Filtration in the nephron is selective?
No
100
Pubic symphysis
Oval oninon layered bw penis and bladder
101
What divides the scrotum
Scrotal septum
102
2 muscles surroundsing scrotal sacs
Dartos muscles
Cremaster muscel
103
Cremaster muscle
Continuation of external oblique
Ensures sperm is at correct temperature
104
Optimal temp for sperm
3 degrees below body temp
105
Cryptorchidism
When in fetal development the
testes do not descend between the 7th month and
birth. This may result in sterility, as the temp is too
high for proper sperm production
106
Lobules in testis
Each testis divided into 200-300 lobules
Each lobule contains 1-3 coiled seminifierous tubules
107
Site of sperm production
Seminiferous tubules within the lobules of testies
108
how long to produce a sperm cell
64 days
109
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia
Meoisis
Four haploid spermatozoa released into the lumen of seminiferous tubules
- Sertoli cells support, protect, and nourish sperm and regulate amount released into seminiferous tubules
110
Spermatogonia
– the most immature spermatogenic cells just below the basement
membrane.
111
Meiosis of spermatogonisa
resulting in four haploid spermatid.
112
Leydig cells
Interstital endocrinocytes (Leydig cells) – in wall of sem. Tubule: produce
testosterone
113
Sertoli cells
– provide support, protection, nurse and growth of
sperm; regulate amount of sperm released into the seminiferous tubules
114
how many sperm produced per day
300 milllion
48 hour lifespan (5 days in repro tract)
115
Parts of sperm
Head containing nucleus and acrosome
Midpiece containing mitochondria to produce ATP for motility
116
1/3 of male infertility due to
Abnormal sperm
117
3 glands contributing to final semen product
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral (cowpers) gland
118
Seminal vesicles
- alkaline fluid
- fructose
- prostaglandins
- 60% of semen volume
119
Prostate gland
citric acid for ATP
production
- proteolytic enzymes
- 25% of semen volume
120
Bulbourethral gland
Alkaline fluid
Secrete mucous for lubrication
121
Path of sperm
-seminiferous tubules
-straight tubules
-rete testis
-efferent ducts of epididymis
-epididymis (maturation)
-ductus epididymis
-vas deferens
-ejaculatory duct
-prostatic urethra
-membranous urethra
-penile urethra
122
Ligaments holding female repro system in place
- Broad ligaments
- Round ligament
- Ovarian ligament
- Suspensory ligament
123
Difference bw oocyte and follicle
Oocyte grows INSIDE of follicle
124
Follicle stages
primordial -> primary -> secondary ->
Graaffian follicle,
125
What produces estrogen
Follicular cells
126
When and why does ovulation occur
At 14 days, LH is released by ant pit causing secondary oocyte to be expelled from ovary
127
What happens to follicle post ovulation
*Corpus Luteum continues to produce estr. and prog. à prevent FSH and start
of new cycle
*Corpus albicans is scar tissue that dissolves!
128
Ectopic pregnancy
egg ‘falls’ through gap bw ovary and fimbrae of FT and is fertilized in the abdomen
129
Fertilization normally takes place at the _______
Begining of FT
130
How does an embryo travel thorugh FT
by way of cilia as well as reverted muscle contractions
131
What would result in tubule pregnancy
CIlia not funcitoning properly
132
3 layers of uterus
Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
133
2 layers of endometrium
Stratum funcitonalis (shed during menstration)
Stratum basalis: underlying permanent
layer that builds the
functionalis every cycle
134
Oogenesis
Oogonium
- undergoes mitosis
1 primary Oocyte
- undergoes meoisis
Secondary oocyte (haploid) produced and first polar bodies (which die off)
Second O released during fertalization
Secondary Oocyte fertalized (becomes ovum)
Meosis II occurs psot fertilization
Diploid zygote is formed
135
2 cycles of the female
ovarian cycle
Uterine cycle
136
Stages of ovarian cycle
1-14 days is follicular phase
day 14 is ovulation
day 15-28 is luteal phase
137
Stages of uterine cycle (menstrual)
1-5 menstrual phase
7-14 preovulatory phase
14 ovulation
15-27
post ovulatory phase
138
Hormone controlling ovarian and uterine cycles
Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)
139
What secretes progesterone
Corpus luteum and then the placenta
140
How can ovulation be identified
Body temp raised by 1 degree before one gets up in the morning
low 36 to high 36
141
how many STD carriers are asymptomatic
70-80%
142
What produces testosterone
Interstital endocrinocytes
143
uretral openings
two posterior openings of the trigone
144
trigone
3 openings on the inferior surface of the bladder that form a triangle
145
Most inner layer of ureter
Urothelium
146
Adventia purpose for bladder
Secures it in place
147
Normal specific gravity of urine
1.001-1.035
148
What makes for a higher specific gravity in urine
Presence of solutes
149
5 normal solutes in urine
Na, K, Cl, Urea, Creatine
150
Normal pH of urine
4.6-8
151
Pyuria
WBCS in urine
152
Does normal urine have bacteria in it?
No
153
Vas deferens
The latter part od epididymis where it becomes less convoluted
154
Corpus spongiosum penis
Inner layer of erectile tissue
155
Corpora cavernosa penis
More area, much of width
erectile tissue
156
Glans
Distal expanded portion of spongiosum
157
Prepuce
Foreskin
158
Spermatogonium
Stem cell
159
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium
Mitosis
Primary spermatocytes
Meoisis 1
Secondary spermatocytes
Meoisis 2
Spermatid cells
Spermiogensis
Sperm
160
Sustentacular (sertoli) cells
Support sperm formation through nourishment, protection etc. (testis-blood barrier)
161
Interstitial endocrine cells
Secrete testosterone
Located in spaces bw semiferous tubules
162
Contracts to wrinkle scrotum
Dartos muscle
163
Covers and protects testis
Tunica albuginca
164
Sperm from production to ej.
seminiferous tubules
Straight tubules
rete testes
Efferent ducts
epididymis
vas deferens
ampulla
ejaculatory duct
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongey urethra
165
Infundibulum
Entrance to FT
166
Finger like structures extending from FT
Fimbriae
167
What produces progesterone and estrogen
Ovaries
168
Broad ligament
A layer of peritoneum attaching to each ovary and anchors FT in place
169
Ovarian ligament
Ovary attachment to uterus
170
Suspensory ligament
Attaches ovary to pelvic wall
171
Cervix
A narrowed portion of the uterus
172
Internal os
Contricted openingg to the cervical canal
173
External os
opening bw cervix a V
174
Fundus
Dome shaped surperior portion of uterus
175
Pubic symphosis
Onion layered thing in groin
176
Mons pubis
Anterior pad of adipose tissue over pubic symphosis
177
Labium Majora
two longitudinal folds of adipose covered with skin and pubic hair
178
Labium minus
Smaller paired longitudinal folds without pubic hair
179
Clitoris locaton
Posterior to mons pubis
180
areola
non raised area of nipple
181
Alveoli
Milk producing glands arranges in clusters called lobules
Several lobules make up a lobe
182
Lactiferous duct
Where milk exits the nipple
183
Lactiferous sinus
Carries milk from alveoli
184
Oogenesis cycle
Oogonia
Primary Oocyte
Completion of Meiosis 1
Secondary Oocyte (larger) & First polar body (smaller)
Meiosis 2 until metaphase prior to ovulation
Ovulation
The secondary Oocyte is fertilized by sperm
Meiosis 2 complete
Larger haploid ovum & Second polar body
Nucleus of sperm and oocyte fuse forming diploid zygote
185
What happens to follicle after ovulation
Tertiary/Graafian follicle
becomes
Corpus luteum
When no longer functional
Corpus albicans
Disintegrates
186
What does corpus luteum secrete
Progesterone
187
Usual site for fertalization
Ampulla of FT
188
Area bw labia minora w/ openings of urethra AND vagina
Vestibule
189
Another name for female ext. gen.
Pudendum
190
Which part of the nephron reabsorbs the most sodium and chorine?
Ascending loop of henle
191
ADH mainly acts on
the collecting ducts`
192
urine normally compares how much water compared to solutes?
95-5%
193
