Extracellular Bacteria Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
what are the extracellular bacteria that cause pneumonia
are they obligate or facultative?
how are they spread?
A
- haemophilus influenzae
- bordatella pertussis
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- mycoplasma pneumonia
- all obligate human pathogens
- all spread person-to-person
2
Q
gram stain of haemophilus influenzae
shape
A
- gram negative
- coccobacillus
3
Q
gram stain of bordetella pertussis
shape
A
- gram negative
- coccobacillus
4
Q
gram stain of streptococcus pneumoniae
A
- gram positive
5
Q
gram stain of mycoplasma pneumoniae
A
- no gram stain
6
Q
how do specific antibodies combat extracellular pathogens in the respiratory tract
A
- may block bacterial adherence
- neutralize secreted toxins
7
Q
how do antibiotics combat extracellular pathogens in the respiratory tract
A
- reach site of infection
- do not need to penetrate host cells
8
Q
what does the media of haemophilus influenza require for its growth
A
- hemin
9
Q
haemophilus influenza found where in the human body
A
- human respiratory tract
10
Q
haemophilus influenza spread by
A
- respiratory droplets
11
Q
diseases caused by haemophilus influenza
which is the most common
A
- meningitis
- otitis media (most common)
12
Q
what kind of vaccine contains haemophilus influenza
A
- conjugate vaccine
13
Q
haemophilus influenza meningitis caused by which strains
A
- type b strains
14
Q
haemophilus influenza epiglottitis caused by which strains
A
- type b strains
15
Q
haemophilus influenza otitis media caused by which strains
A
- nonencapsulated
- nontypeable
16
Q
virulence factors of haemophilus influenza
A
- pili for attachment to respiratory epithelium
- LOS
- type B PRP capsule
17
Q
what antibody is protective against haemophilus influenza infection?
significance of this
A
- anti-PRP antibody
- T cell independent which is not present early in life
18
Q
what molecule do we attach the HiB polysaccharide to
A
- tetanus toxoid
19
Q
bordetella pertussis oxygen requirements
A
- obligate aerobe
20
Q
habitat of bordetella pertussis
A
- human respiratory tract
21
Q
transmission of bordetella pertussis
A
- respiratory droplets
22
Q
toxoid vaccine
A
- chemically modified toxin
- not toxic but antigenic
23
Q
examples of toxoid vaccines
A
- DTP (diphtheria and tetanus component)
24
Q
whole cell vaccine
A
- organism inactivated but intact
25
whole cell vaccine example
- pertussis component of DTP
26
acellular vaccine
- individual antigens
27
example of acellular vaccines
- pertussis antigen in DTaP and Tdap
28
immune responses to infection, whole cell, and acellular vaccines may _______
- differ
29
incubation period of pertussis
- 7-14 days
30
length of time of catarrhal phase of bordetella pertussis
- 7 days
31
symptoms of catarrhal phase of bordetella pertussis
- cold-like symptoms
32
bordetella pertussis most easily isolated from
- catarrhal phase
| - upper respiratory tract
33
paroxysmal phase length of bordetella pertussis
- 1-4 weeks or longer
34
symptoms of paroxysmal phase of bordetella pertussis
- coughing followed by inspiratory gasp (whoop)
| - leukocytosis
35
complications of paroxysmal phase of bordetella pertussis
- pneumonia
- seizures
- apnea
- encephalopathy
36
symptoms of convalescent phase of bordetella pertussis
- less frequent paroxysms
37
pathogenesis of bordetella pertussis
- evade mucociliary clearance
| - evade phagocytic cells
38
attachment factors of bordetella pertussis
which is the major adhesin
- fimbriae (secondary adhesin)
- pertactin
- FHA (major adhesion)
39
tracheal cytotoxin in bordetella pertussis structure
- cell wall fragment
40
role of tracheal cytotoxin in bordetella pertussis
- kills ciliated cells
41
role of pertussis toxin in bordetella pertussis
- early inhibition of influx of phagocytic cells
42
role of adenylate cyclase toxin in bordetella pertussis
- inhibition of phagocytosis and killing
43
importance of pertussis vaccine
- protects against disease
| - but not against colonization or transmission
44
streptococcus pneumoniae cause what disease
- acute pneumonia with short incubation
45
characteristic symptom of streptococcus pneumoniae
- rusty (blood tinged) sputum
46
leading cause of community acquired pneumonia
- streptococcus pneumoniae
47
streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia where in the lung
- lobar pneumonia
48
disease of streptococcus pneumoniae mostly impacts which people
- children under 2 years
- adults over 65
- immunocompromised
49
big virulence factor of streptococcus pneumoniae
- capsule
50
treatment of streptococcus pneumoniae
- broad spectrum cephalosporin (3rd gen)
| - vancomycin
51
vaccines for streptococcus pneumoniae
which is the conjugate vaccine? what is is conjugated to?
- pneumovax 23 for adults >65
- Prevnar 13 for children under 2
- Prevnar 13.
- capsular antigen conjugated to diphtheria toxin
52
disease caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae
- chronic pneumonia with long incubation period
53
spread of mycoplasma pneumoniae
- person-person through respiratory droplets
54
structure of mycoplasma pneumoniae
- no cell wall!
55
requirements for survival of mycoplasma species
- must associate with a eukaryotic host
| - requires close association to host cells to proliferate
56
mycoplasma pneumoniae pathogenesis - things required for disease
- attachment to respiratory epithelial cells
57
attachment to respiratory epithelial cells in the host by mycoplasma pneumoniae is mediated by
this is subject to
- mycoplasma pneumoniae attachment organelle
| - subject to antigenic variation
58
mycoplasma pneumoniae toxins
- no known cytotoxins
| - but secrete H2O2
59
nonpathogenic mycoplasma associated with
- human naso- and oropharynx
60
mycoplasma causes pneumonia where in the lung?
- bronchopneumonia
| - affects patches around the bronchioles
61
Which extracellular bacteria is opportunistic
pseudomonas
62
Which extracellular pathogens are coccobacillus
H. influenzae
| B. pertussis
63
What antibody is protective against H. influenzae
anti-PRP
64
Which extracellular bacteria is an obligate aerobe
Bordetella pertussis
65
Phases of B. pertussis
Incubation period: 7-14 days
Catarrhal phase: 7 days
Paroxysmal phase: 1-4 weeks
Convalescent phase: several weeks
66
Catarrhal phase
mild, cold-like symptoms
67
phase when B. pertussis is most easily isolated from URT?
catarrhal phase
68
Paroxysmal phase
severe, forceful, spasmodic coughing
leukocytosis
69
difficult to detect B. pertussis in which phase?
paroxysmal phase
70
Complications of B. pertussis in paroxysmal phase
pneumonia, seizures, apnea, encephalopathy
71
Virulence factors of B. pertussis
(1) Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT)
(2) Pertussis toxin
(3) Adenylate cyclase toxin
72
Pertussis toxin
exotoxin
levels correlate with severity of disease in children
results in leukocytosis (late catarrhal and paroxysmal phases)
RARE in adults, especially those vaccinated.
73
Acellular and Whole vaccine for pertussis
both vaccines prevent leukocytosis, but neither prevent colonization
74
Problem pathogen in CF patients
pseudomonas (G- rod)
75
pseudomonas and antibiotics
highly antibiotic resistant
76
s. pneumo capsle serotypes
>80 capsular serotypes
77
treatment for s. pneumo in adults and children
adults --> pneumovax 23
children --> prevnar 13
78
Mycoplasma pneumonia causes ___________ pneumonia
chronic (atypical)
can persist for weeks: walking pneumonia
79
Mycoplasma species must do what to survive?
associate with eukaryotic host
require close association with. host cells to proliferate
80
mycoplasma pneumoniae and toxins
no known toxins
but do secrete H2O2
81
increase in cold aggluttinins (IgM antibodies agglutinating RBCs at 4º) seen in
mycoplasma pneumoniae (but NOT legionella)
82
Mycoplasma is resistant to
azithromycin (macrolide) in many parts of world (Asia)
83
Vaccine for mycoplasma
no vaccine
