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eye Flashcards

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1
Q

What shape is the orbital cavity?

A

Pyramidal

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2
Q

What are the four walls of the orbital cavity?

A

Roof
Floor
Medial
Lateral

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3
Q

What are the three openings that transmit nerves and blood vessels in and out go the orbit?

A

Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Optic canal

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4
Q

What does the orbital cavity have that protects it from injury?

A

Tough orbital rim

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5
Q

What are some important anatomical relations of the orbit?

A

Paranasal air sinuses
Nasal cavity
Anterior cranial fossa

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6
Q

What do the anatomical relations of the orbit have implications for?

A

Orbital trauma and spread of infection

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7
Q

What are the weakest parts of the orbit?

A

Medial and floor

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of orbital blow out fracture?

A 
Perioorbital swelling, painful
Double vision
Impaired vision
Anaesthesia over affected cheek and upper teeth and gums
Cannot look upwards to
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9
Q

What happens in an orbital blow out fracture?

A

Sudden increase in intra-orbital pressure fractures floor of orbit
Orbital contents and blood can prolapse into maxillary sinus and trap structures

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10
Q

Who will have an orbital blow out fracture?

A

Trauma to front of the eye e.g. retropulsion of eye ball

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11
Q

Why would orbital blow out fracture cause anaesthesia over cheeks?

A

Infra orbital nerve may be damaged

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12
Q

What would you see on an X-ray of someone with a orbital blow out fracture?

A

One side may have a fracture and blood accumulation

Tear drop

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13
Q

What would you see on a CT of someone with a blow out fracture?

A

Grey side as has blood and orbital contents which have passed down and prolapsed

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14
Q

What do the eyelids do?

A

Protect the eye when palpebral fissure is closed

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15
Q

What structures does the eyelid contain?

A

Tarsal plates and muscles

Glands at the edge

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16
Q

What is the contents of the orbital cavity?

A 
Lacrimal apparatus
Nerves and blood vessels
Orbital fat (lots)
Globe of the eye (eyeball) and internal structures 
Extrinsic ocular muscles (move eyeball)
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17
Q

What do the tarsal plates do?

A

Prove a connective tissue skeleton to the eyelid

Gives firmness and shape

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18
Q

What is the orbital septum?

A

A thin sheet of fibrous tissue originating from orbital rim

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19
Q

What does the orbital septum blend with?

A

The LPS and tarsal plates

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20
Q

What does the orbital septum separate?

A

Intra-orbital contents from the eyelid fat and orbiculares oculists muscles

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21
Q

What does the orbital septum help to do?

A

Act as a barrier against infection spreading from pre septal to post petal space

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22
Q

What is periorybital cellulitis?

A

Cellulitis of orbital structures

abscess Formation and spread of infection intracranially and cause cavernous sinus thrombosis

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23
Q

What causes periorybital cellulitis?

A

Infection from bites, periorybital trauma, sinuses

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24
Q

Where do veins of the orbit drain?

A

Cavernous sinus
Pterygoid venous plexus
Facial veins

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25
What do glands within the tarsal plate secrete?
Glands within the tarsal plate secrete oily substances to prevent evaporation of tear film and tear spillage
26
What happens when these glands within the tarsal plate block?
Meibomian cyst
27
What is a stye?
Eyelash follicles can block by infection staph
28
What does the conjunctivae do?
Secretory mucosa lubricating the conjunctival and corneal surfaces Also secrete tears
29
What does the lacrimal apparatus do?
Secretes tears into conjunctival sac
30
What is the lacrimal apparatus made up of?
Lacrimal gland Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct
31
What does blinking do?
Washes tear film across front of eye, rinsing and lubricating the conjunctivae and cornea
32
What is treatment for stye and meibomian cyst?
Hot compress
33
What is the conjunctiva?
Transparant mucous membrane
34
What does the conjunctiva cover?
White of the eye (sclera), lines inside of eyelid and does not cover cornea
35
How vascular is the conjunctiva?
highly vascular with small blood vessels within the membrane
36
What is conjunctivitis?
Inflammed and injected in infections
37
What is sunconjunctival haemorrhage?
Haemorrhage from blood vessels- like a bruise | Do nothing
38
What is the main arterial supply of the eye?
Ophthalmic artery
39
What is the venous drainage of the eye?
cavernous sinus, pterygoid plexus and facial vein
40
What is the general sensory innervation of the eye?
Trigeminal nerve
41
What is the special sensory innervation for vision?
Optic nerve
42
What motor nerves to muscles in the eye?
Occulomotor, trochlear and abducens
43
What maintains the eyeballs position?
Suspensory ligament Rectus muscle Orbital fat
44
What is the outer layer of the eyeball?
Fibrous layer tough sclera continuous anteriorly as transparent cornea
45
What is the middle layer of the eyeball?
Vascular consisting of choroid, ciliary body and iris
46
What is the inner layer of the eyeball?
Retina | inner photosensitive layer lying on an outer pigmented layer
47
Is there any blood vessels in the cornea?
No as needs to be see through so light can get through
48
what is aqueous humour secreted from?
Ciliary processes within the ciliary body
49
Where does the aqueous humour flow?
Posterior chamber, through pupil and anterior chamber, | Nourishes lens and cornea, drains through iridocorneal angle via trabecular meshwork into canal of schlemm
50
What is glaucoma?
When drainage od aqueous humour from anterior chamber is blocked
51
What is open angle glaucoma?
Trabecular meshwork deteriorates | chronic
52
What is closed angle glaucoma?
Narrowing of the iridocorneal angle
53
What does glaucoma cause?
Rise in intracranial pressure and damage to optic nerve by optic disc cupping Sight threatening
54
What is aqueous humour for?
Provides nourishment and oxygen to lens and cornea
55
What is light detected by in the eye?
Retinas photoreceptors
56
What are generated in response to light?
Action potentials which pass via ganglion cell whose icons collect in area of optic disc to optic nerve
57
What needs to occur for light to focus on retina?
Transparent medium | Refraction (bending of light)
58
What will pathology affecting the eye cause?
transparency of structures and refraction ability
59
What will happen if looking at something far away?
Refracted as it passes through number of structures and fluids from outside in
60
How does the eye look at something close?
Pupil constricts Eyes converge Lens becomes more biconcave
61
As you get older what happens to the eye?
Lens becomes stiffer and less able to change shape | Also progressive opacities can also occur within lens e.g. cataracts
62
What is presbyopia?
Age related inability to focus near objects (stiffer lens)
63
What is the innervation of the elevator palpebrae and superior tarsal muscle?
Oculomotor
64
What is the action of the elevator palpebrae and superior tarsal muscle?
elevates eye
65
What is the consequence of damaging theelevator palpebrae and superior tarsal muscle?
Eye cant open
66
What is the innervation of the Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi?
Facial
67
What is the action of the Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi?
Closes eye
68
What is the consequence of damage of the Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi?
Cant close eye
69
What is the innervation of the extra ocular muscles?
Oculomotor | Apart from LR=Abducens and SO= trochlear
70
What does the lateral rectus do?
Move eye laterally | abductions
71
What does the medial rectus do?
Moves eye medially | Adducts
72
What does the superior rectus do?
Depress Roll up and in Intortion
73
What does the inferior rectus do?
Elevates | Rolls down and in
74
What does the inferior oblique do?
Elevates roll up and out Extortion
75
What does the superior oblique do?
Depresses rolls down and out Intortion
76
What happens if lateral rectus is damaged?
Unable to abduct eye, stays adducted | Diplopia made worse on horizontal gaze
77
What happens if medial rectus is damaged?
Abduction occurs
78
What happens if Superior oblique is damaged?
Extorted, up and in Tilting the head slightly Difficulty looking down and medially e.g. walking up stars and reading
79
What happens if superior rectus is damaged?
Elevation occurs | Roll down and out
80
What happens if inferior rectus is damaged?
Depression occurs | Roll up and out
81
What happens if inferior oblique is damaged?
Depression occurs | Roll down and in

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