(F) L5: GITP: Large Intestine Flashcards by Kchianna Lauren Coronel

The large intestine starts from the distal ileum to the anus which measures how long?

5 feet

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Which among the ileum and large intestine is longer?

Ileum (6 feet long)

Note: The large intestine is only 5 feet long

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TOF: Secretion of substances and storage of feces are the important functions of the large intestine

False (reabsorption, not secretion)

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If 1L of water is absorbed, how much of it becomes stool and is reabsorbed by the intestines? (2 answers)

200mL becomes stool while 800mL is reabsorbed

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TOF: Sodium, chloride, and some fat-soluble vitamins are reabsorbed

False (WATER-soluble)

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Mechanism of Undigested Food

Unidgested food is acted upon by what microorganisms?

Bacteria

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Mechanism of Undigested Food

Carbohydrates become what?

Gasses

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Mechanism of Undigested Food

Proteins will become what?

Amino acids

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Mechanism of Undigested Food

Amino acids will become what? (3)

Indole
Skatole
H2S

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Mechanism of Undigested Food

This end product of amino acid breakdown is responsible for the odor of stool

Skatole

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Mechanism of Undigested Food

Bilirubin becomes this substance which is responsible for the color of stool

Stercobilin

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Intestinal Diseases

A deficiency of lactase leading to the accumulation of lactose
Manifests with bloating and diarrhea

Lactose Intolerance

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Intestinal Diseases

Aka Tropical Sprue
Associated with cereals which triggers auto antibodies thereby producing disease in the SI
Has a tropical and non-tropical type

Celiac Disease

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Intestinal Diseases

Caused by Treponema whipplei

Whipple’s Disease

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Intestinal Diseases

Inflammation of the SI

Crohn’s Disease

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Intestinal Diseases

Intestinal cancer

Primary Intestinal Lymphoma

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Intestinal Diseases

Loss of oxygen in the intestine

Ischemia

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Intestinal Diseases

Is caused by microorganisms

Amyloidosis

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Intestinal Diseases

Caused by parasites (especially Giardia), viruses, and the like

Infection

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Intestinal Diseases

Caused by microoganisms:
A. Whipple’s Disease
B. Amyloidosis
C. Infection
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

D. All of the above

Whipple - Treponema whipplei
Amyloidosis - microorganisms
Infection - parasites and viruses

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Intestinal Diseases

Caused by ingestion of certain foods:
A. Celiac Disease
B. Lactose Intolerance
C. Both
D. Neither

C. Both

Celiac for cereal
Lactose intolerance for dairy

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Aka Tropical Sprue
A. Non-tropical celiac disease
B. Crohn’s disease
C. Both
D. Neither

A. Non-tropical celiac disease (just celiac disease in general)

Intestinal Function Tests

An invasive procedure used to diagnose lactose intolerance as well as malabsorption

Oral Lactose Tolerance Test (OLTT)

Intestinal Function Tests (OLTT)

How many grams of lactose is given to the patient alongside 200mL of water?

50 grams

# Intestinal Function Tests (OLTT) How many samples are drawn and at what time intervals?

1. FBS at 30 mins. 2. 1 hour 3. 2 hours

# Intestinal Function Tests (OLTT) Interpret results: > 30 mg/dL in FBS

Normal

# Intestinal Function Tests (OLTT) Interpret results: 20-30 mg/dL in FBS

Borderline

# Intestinal Function Tests (OLTT) Interpret results: < 20 mg/dL in FBS

Lactose Intolerant

# Intestinal Function Tests - A non-invasive test used instead of the OLTT - When lactose is acted upon by bacteria, this will yield lactic acid which is the analyte being measured

Hydrogen Gas Breath Test

# Intestinal Function Tests In a lactose intolerant person (someone who lacks lactase), if the enzyme will not act upon the lactose ingested, what will?

Bacteria

# Intestinal Function Tests (Breath Test) TOF: Hydrogen gas is measured in a non-fasting sample

False (overnight fast)

# Intestinal Function Tests (Breath Test) How much lactose is given alongside 180mL of water?

50 grams

# Intestinal Function Tests (Breath Test) Hydrogen gas is measured by intervals of what?

15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes

# Intestinal Function Tests (Breath Test) Interpret results: < 5ppm

Normal

# Intestinal Function Tests (Breath Test) Interpret results: Greater than 200 ppm

Significant for Lactose Intolerance

# Intestinal Function Tests (Breath Test) Interpret results: Greater than 20 ppm

Lactose intolerance | Note: Manual-based

50 grams of glucose is given A. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test B. Hydrogen Breath Test C. Both D. Neither

C. Both - OLTT is given with 200mL of water - H2 Breath Test is given with 180mL of water

Is measured at intervals of 30, 60, and 120 only A. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test B. Hydrogen Breath Test C. Both D. Neither

A. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test - H2 Breath Test has an interval of: 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120

# Intestinal Function Tests A non-invasive method measuring the absorptive capacity of the intestine

D-Xylose Test

# Intestinal Function Tests TOF: Xylose is a disaccharide sugar, therefore, it is not ready to be absorbed

False (it is a monosaccharide therefore it CAN be absorbed)

# Intestinal Function Tests TOF: Xylose is normally present in the blood because only around 80% of it is excreted in the stool

False (should NOT be in the blood as 100% of it is excreted in the URINE | Note: Ante anuna minali ko na lahat

# Intestinal Function Tests (D-Xylose) This interference can decrease xylose results

Aspirin

# Intestinal Function Tests (D-Xylose) This interference (medication) is given to rheumatoid arthritis patients as it can inhibit D-Xylose values therefore decreasing results

Indomethacin

# Intestinal Function Tests (D-Xylose) Intereferences that can increase results: A. Aspirin B. Indomethacin C. Both D. Neither

D. Neither (should be decrease for both)

# Intestinal Function Tests (D-Xylose) How much D-xylose is given alongside 250mL of water for ADULTS?

25 grams

# Intestinal Function Tests (D-Xylose) How much D-xylose is given alongside 250mL of water for CHILDREN?

0.5 grams per kg of body weight

# Intestinal Function Tests (D-Xylose) After 1 hour upon ingestion of D-xylose, how much water should the patient drink?

250mL

# Intestinal Function Tests (D-Xylose) After 5 hours upon ingestion of D-xylose, what specimen should be collected?

Urine

# Intestinal Function Tests (D-Xylose) 250mL of water A. After 30 minutes B. After 1 hour C. Both D. Neither

B. After 1 hour (the other is upon starting the test)

# Intestinal Function Tests (D-Xylose) Interpret results: 4 grams of xylose in urine after 5 hours

Normal

# Intestinal Function Tests (D-Xylose) Interpret results: < 4 grams of xylose in urine after 5 hours

Intestinal absorption defect

# Intestinal Function Tests What are the 3 major carotenoids in human serum?

1. Lycopene 2. Xanthophyll 3. Beta carotene

# Intestinal Function Tests - This produces a yellow to orange or purple pigment - Are fat soluble which makes them absorbable in the intestine in association with lipids - A decrease of these is associated with malabsorption

Serum Carotenoids

# Intestinal Function Tests (Serum Carotenoids) What is the normal value?

50 to 250 mg/dL