(P) Lec 3: Basic Principles and Practices in CC (Part 2) Flashcards by Kchianna Lauren Coronel

Clinical Laboratory Supplies

The predominant practice for temperature measurement uses what scale?

Celsius (although ºF and K are also used)

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Clinical Laboratory Supplies

What is the formula to convert ºC to ºF?

ºC x (1.8) + 32

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Clinical Laboratory Supplies

What is the formula to convert ºF to ºC?

(ºF - 32)/ 1.8

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Clinical Laboratory Supplies

What is the SI unit for temperature?

Kelvin

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Types of Thermometers

These use a colored liquid encased in plastic or glass which should reveal a continuous line of liquid that is free from separation or bubbles

Liquid-in-glass Thermometers

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Types of Thermometers

What is temperature range for Liquid-in-glass Thermometers?

20-400ºC

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Types of Thermometers

This has a faster response time than the liquid-in-glass thermometer (a few seconds)

Electronic Thermometer (Thermistor)

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Types of Thermometers

Electronic thermometers can be calibrated by what? (2 answers)

NIST-certified traceable thermometer
Galium

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Glasswares

Glass should be ideal for what pH solutions?

Acidic

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Glasswares

Glass should be resistant to what 2 factors?

Thermal and Corrosion

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Glasswares

The Class A or Class B criteria are given by what organization?

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

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Glasswares

Those that satisfy Class A ASTM precision criteria are stamped with what letter?

A (preferred for lab applications)

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Glasswares

These generally have twice the tolerance limits of the other class

Class B (found in student labs where durability is needed)

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Glasswares (Types)

This contains boron oxide and is free from the magnesia-lime zinc group of elements (low alkali content); it resists heat, corrosion, and thermal shock

The most common are Pyrex and Kimax

High Thermal Resistant Glass (Borosilicate)

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Glasswares (Types)

High Thermal Resistant Glass (Borosilicate) is highly susceptible to what pH?

Alkaline

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Glasswares (Types)

This is aka alkali-resistant glassware and is 6x stronger than borosilicate glass

It is ideal for higher temperature thermometers, graduated cylinders, and centrifuge tubes

The most common are Corex and Vycor

Aluminosilicate

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Glasswares (Types)

TOF: Aluminosilicate is thermal-resistant but alkali-susceptible

False (both resistant)

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Glasswares (Types)

This has a 96% silica content comparable to fused quartz, is radiation-resistant, ideal for high precision analytical work, and useful for optical reflectors and mirrors

High Silica Glass

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Glasswares (Types)

This glass type is used when the nature of your procedure involves light transmission (e.g. spectrophotometer cuvettes)

High Silica Glass

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Glasswares (Types)

Is amber or rose-colored to reduce the amount of light passing through the substance within; a highly protective glassware for heat-labile substances in the 300-500nm range (e.g. bilirubin, carotene, and vitamin A)

Low Actinic Glass

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Glasswares (Types)

These are sodalime glasses composed of Si, Ca, and Na; are poorly resistant to high and sudden temperature changes (easily melts) and are used as reagent bottles and disposable lab glassware (e.g. petri dishes)

Standard Flint Glass

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Glasswares (Types)

TOF: Standard flint glass is expensive

False (lowest in cost and readily fabricated)

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Glasswares (Types)

TOF: Standard flint glasses release acids into pipetted liquids

False (alkali)

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Glasswares (Types)

These are considered “soft glass” which have high resistance to alkaline solutions but is overshadowed by borosilicate glass when talking about thermal condition

Boron-free glass

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# Plasticware TOF: Plastics can be autoclaved

True (some of them can)

# Volumetric Glassware This flask is calibrated to hold one exact volume of liquid (to contain); it is frequently used for the preparation of standard solutions Has a round lower portion with a flat bottom and thin neck with an etched marking

Volumetric Flask

# Volumetric Glassware These are designed to hold different volumes rather than one exact amount

Erlenmeyer Flasks (wide bottom with short neck) and Griffin Beakers (flat bottom and an opening as wide as the base)

# Volumetric Glassware These have calibration marks along its length and is used to measure volumes of liquids; sizes in mL include 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1k, and 2k

Graduated Cylinders (held up by an octagonal base)

# Volumetric Glassware TOF: Erlenmeyer flasks and Griffin beakers are preferred for measuring precise volumes

False (graduated cylinder)

This is used in quantitative chemical analysis to measure the volume of a liquid especially when titrating; it has a graduated glass tube with a stopcock at the end

Biuret/Buret

These are used to transfer liquids from one container to another

Pipettes

# Pipettes (acc. to calibration) It holds a particular volume but does not dispense the exact volume

To Contain (TC)

# Pipettes (acc. to calibration) It delivers the exact amount of volume it holds to a container

To Deliver (TD)

# Pipettes (acc. to drainage characteristics) The exact volume is obtained when the last drop is blown out with an aspirator; it has an etched double ring at the top

Blow Out

# Pipettes (acc. to drainage characteristics) The liquid is allowed to drain by gravity only without forcing out the last drop; has no etched double ring on the top

Self-Draining

# Pipettes (type) Plain and narrow drawn out to a tip; it is graduated uniformly along its length

Graduated/Measuring Pipets

# Pipettes (type) What are the 2 kinds of Graduated/Measuring pipettes?

Mohr and Serological

# Pipettes (type) This is calibrated between 2 marks on the stem; it does not have graduations up to the tip and is self-draining

Mohr Pipette

# Pipettes (type) This is intended for the delivery of predetermined volumes as it has graduations up to the tip and is generally a blow-out pipette

Serological Pipette

# Pipettes (type) TOF: Serological pipettes have larger orifices than Mohr pipettes and thus they drain slower

False (faster)

# Pipettes (type) TOF: Serological pipettes are not recommended for viscous samples

True

# Pipettes (type) This has a total holding volume of less than 1mL only (can be Mohr or Serological); is calibrated down to the tip

Micropipette

# Pipettes (type) These are designed to dispense one volume without further subdivisions (no graduations)

Transfer Pipettes

# Pipettes (type) This is designed to deliver a fixed volume of liquid; has a cylindrical bulb joined at both ends to a narrower glass tubing

Volumetric Pipette

# Pipettes (type) TOF: The volumetric pipette is designed to dispense or transfer viscous solutions

False (aqueous; Ostwald-Folin is for viscous)

# Pipettes (type) TOF: The volumetric pipette is always self-draining

True

# Pipettes (type) This has the greatest degree of accuracy and precision and is used to dilute standards, calibrators, or quality control material

Volumetric Pipette

# Pipettes (type) These have their bulbs closer to their delivery tips; used for viscous fluids (e.g. blood and serum) and has an etched ring which signifies that it is a blow out pipette

Ostwald-Folin Pipette

# Pipettes (type) It may or may not have calibration marks as it is used to transfer fluids without considering a specific volume

Disposable Transfer Pipettes

# Pipettes (type) These have increased precision, safety, stability, and maintenance as the pipette tips are disposable

Automatic Pipettes

# Pipettes (type) This has a piston for suction in drawing samples

Air Displacement Pipettes

# Pipettes (type) This has a moving piston in the pipette tip or barrel (like a hypodermic needle)

Positive Displacement Pipettes

# Pipettes (type) This obtains liquid from a common reservoir and dispenses it repeatedly

Dispenser/Dilution Pipettes

# Pipettes (type) Pipettes are calibrated using what 2 methods?

Gravimetry or Photometry

# Pipettes What kind of fluid warrants reading the lower meniscus?

Colorless/Clear Fluid

# Pipettes What kind of fluid warrants reading the upper meniscus?

Colored/Viscous Fluid

These are used to transfer small volumes in BGA or in separation techniques such as chromatography or electrophoresis; is made of glass and has fine barrels

Syringes

These prevent chemicals from becoming hydrated (absorption by chemicals, gases, and instrument components) and is most effective when placed in a closed, airtight chamber called a dessicator

Dessicant

The compound and associated water of dessicators is called?

A hydrate

# Balance This is accurate to 0.5 grams and is used to weigh fairly large amounts when accuracy is not essential

Trip Balance

# Balance This is accurate to about 0.01 grams and is used in weighing amounts up to 100 grams

Torsion Balance

# Balance Very elaborate, accurate, and the most costly Has a single pan behind sliding doors and is for the preparation of any primary standard (around 0.01-160 mg)

Analytical Balance

# Balance This uses an EM force to counterbalance the weighed sample's mass and has a fast response time

Electronic Balance

# Electronic Balance Class (1, 2, or 3) 0.01 to 1 mg

Class 1

# Electronic Balance Class (1, 2, or 3) 0.001 to 0.01 g

Class 2

# Electronic Balance Class (1, 2, or 3) 0.01 to 0.1 grams

Class 3

# Basic Separation Techniques This separates solids from a liquid suspension by means of circular force; it has a head, rotor, carrier, and shields

Centrifugation

# Basic Separation Techniques This kind of centrifuge is removable

Swinging Bucket Type

# Basic Separation Techniques This centrifuge spins at faster speeds than common centrifuges

Ultracentrifuge

# Centrifuge This is obtained by using a nomogram

Relative Centrifugal Force

# Centrifuge Give the formula for the Relative Centrifugal Force

(1.118 x 10 ^-5)(r in cm)(rpm^2)

# Centrifuge TOF: Centrifuges cannot separate 2 immiscible liquids

False (they can)

TOF: Centrifuges can expel air bubbles

True

# Centrifuge The centrifugal speed is checked using what instrument?

Tachometer/Strobe Light

# Basic Separation Techniques This makes use of a semi-permeable membrane (dialysing cellulose) that allows the separation of molecules using their size

Dialysis

# Basic Separation Techniques In dialysis, which molecules are retained within one side of a membrane and which are diffused out of it?

Larger and smaller, respectively

# Dialysis The fluid that passes through the membrane

Dialysate

# Dialysis Substances that weren’t able to penetrate the membrane

Repentate

# Basic Separation Techniques The separation of solids from liquids; made out of paper, cellulose, polyester fibers, and glass + should not be used on strong acids and bases

Filtration

# Basic Separation Techniques The liquid that passes through the filter paper is called as what?

Filtrate

# Basic Separation Techniques Aka freeze drying; the solvent (usually water) is frozen and removed by sublimation in a vacuum environment

Lyophilization (powdered form)

# Basic Separation Techniques Separation of compounds based on their relative solubilities in 2 different immiscible liquids or solid matter compound

Extraction

# Basic Separation Techniques Lyophilization extends what?

The reagent's shelf life (to make it more convenient for transport)

# Lab Safety and Waste Disposal This is a federal law that mandates safe working conditions for workers

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA)

# Lab Safety and Waste Disposal This OSHA program deals with occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals and hazard communication

Standard 29

# Lab Safety and Waste Disposal These are a set of infection control practices meant to reduce the risk of transmission of blood-borne and other pathogens

Standard Precautions

# Lab Safety and Waste Disposal These exhaust vapors and aerosols from the lab to outside

Fume Hood

# Lab Safety and Waste Disposal This protects the personnel, product, and environment (exhausts decontaminated air)

Biological Safety Cabinet

# Chain of Infection The location of the potentially harmful organism

Source

# Chain of Infection How microorganisms are transferred to the host

Transmission

# Chain of Infection This eventually becomes another source for disease transmission

Host

A process of inactivating or reducing contaminants to an acceptable level

Decontamination

# Types of Hazards Workplace hazards that can affect the body (e.g. frayed electrical cords, vibrations, spills, noise, etc.)

Physical Hazards

# Types of Hazards Biological substances that pose a threat to organisms (caused by microorganisms)

Biological Hazards

# Types of Hazards Includes lancets, needles, and broken glassware

Sharp Hazards

# Types of Hazards In cases of spills, you need to flush the affected area for at least 15 minutes in running water before seeking medical attention

Chemical Hazards

A list of all safety information created by the manufacturer for each laboratory reagent (biological/chemical)

Safety Data Sheet

# Storage and Handling of Chemicals Flammable/combustible chemicals are to be stored according to?

Flashpoint (temperature at which vapor is given off to ignite the air)

# Storage and Handling of Chemicals Corrosive chemicals are to be stored according to?

Ability to cause injury to eyes/skin

# Storage and Handling of Chemicals Reactive chemicals are to be stored according to?

Their ability to react violently

# Types of Hazards These are encountered when procedures using radioisotopes are performed

Radioactive Hazards

# Types of Hazards Refers to physical harm from shocks or burns generated by malfunctioning wiring or equipment

Electrical Hazards

# Types of Hazards What 2 acronyms are applicable for fire/explosive hazards?

RACE (rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish) and PASS (pull, aim, squeeze, sweep)

# Types of Hazards (extinguisher class) Fire type: Common materials Extinguisher: Water

# Types of Hazards (extinguisher class) Fire type: Flammable organic chemicals Extinguisher: Dry chemical, CO2, foam, and halon

# Types of Hazards (extinguisher class) Fire type: Electrical Extinguisher: Dry chemical, CO2, and halon

# Types of Hazards (extinguisher class) Fire type: Combustible chemicals/metals, magnesium, potassium, and titanium Extinguisher: Sand or dry powder

# Types of Hazards (extinguisher class) Fire type: Grease oils and fats Extinguisher: Liquids designed to prevent splashing and to cool the fire

# Types of Hazards Repetitive tasks that can put stress on the body causing musculoskeletal and/or nervous system injury

Ergonomic Hazards

# Disposal of Hazardous Materials The safe handling and disposal of wastes is the responsibility of whom?

The generators

# Disposal of Hazardous Materials Give the type of chemical Type of disposal: Flushing Considerations: Strong acids must be neutralized first before draining

Water-soluble

# Disposal of Hazardous Materials Give the type of chemical Type of disposal: Containers or incineration Considerations: Explosives are converted to a less hazardous form

Flammable/Explosive

# Disposal of Hazardous Materials Give the type of chemical Type of disposal: Landfill burial Considerations: Environmental concern and decreasing safe spots for burials

Solid

# Disposal of Hazardous Materials Special wastes from healthcare facilities that if improperly handled, may transmit diseases

Medical Waste

# Waste Management: Disposal Bag For general waste/non-infectious dry waste

Black

# Waste Management: Disposal Bag Leftover food/non-infectious wet waste

Green

# Waste Management: Disposal Bag Infectious and pathological waste

Yellow

# Waste Management: Disposal Bag Chemical, pharmaceutical, and heavy metal waste

Yellow with black band

# Waste Management: Disposal Bag Radioactive waste

Orange

# Waste Management: Disposal Bag Sharp collectors and pressurized containers

Red