(P) Lec 3: Basic Principles and Practices in CC (Part 1) Flashcards by Kchianna Lauren Coronel

The Greek work “kline” means what?

Bed

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This is the science that deals with the elements, their compounds, and the chemical structure and interaction of matter

Chemistry

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This is a science that deals with the analysis of the chemical constituents of the blood (electrolytes, glucose, protein, lipids, enzymes, etc.) as well as other body fluids to facilitate diagnosis of diseases related to their increase or decrease

Clinical Chemistry

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TOF: CC has expanded to include studies that monitor the effects of treatment and measuring drug levels

True

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Who was the father of Clinical Chemsitry?

Johann Heller (hallaur?)

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History of Clinical Chemsitry

Who was the main pointperson back in 300 BC?

Hippocrates

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History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1600, this test was discovered for the determination of protein contents in urine

Acid Precipitation

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History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1700, the study of this common disease was done using yeast

Diabetes Mellitus

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History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1850s-1890s, the use of what kind of medicine was developed?

Laboratory Medicine

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History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1918-1920, tests were developed for 5 analytes, what are those?

Epinephrine
Uric Acid
Ammonia
Non-protein nitrogens (NPN)
Proteins (CHON)

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History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1930, tests for what were developed?

Enzymatic tests (e.g. lipase and acid phosphatase)

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History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1940, this technique was developed to measure the quantitative analytes in a sample, what is this technique?

Photoelectric Colorimetry

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History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1950, this chart was developed to determine the acceptability of a test (for quality control)

L-J and Shewart Chart (Levi-Jennings and Shewart)

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History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1960, atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for what 2 analytes?

Calcium and Magnesium

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History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1952, what organization was formed?

International Association of Clinical Biochemists (IACB)

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History of Clinical Chemsitry

In 1953, the International Association of Clinical Biochemists (IACB) changed its name to what?

International Federation of Clinical Chemsitry (IFCC)

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Units of Measure

Do we deal with quantitative or qualitative results? Or both?

Quantitative

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Units of Measurement

In reporting quantitative laboratory results, the first value represents what?

The actual test value

e.g. in 10mL, 10 is the first value

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Units of Measurement

In reporting quantitative laboratory results, the second value represents what?

The label (represents the unit)

e.g. in 10mL, mL is the second value

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Units of Measurement

This is preferred in scientific literatures and clinical labs and is the ONLY system used in many countries (as it standardizes results)

Systeme International d’ Unites (SI)

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Units of Measurement

Determine if the ff. are SI units, selected derived units, or selected accepted but non-SI units:

Length, Mass, Time, Current, Temperature, Amount of Substance, Luminous Intensity

SI units

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Units of Measurement

Determine if the ff. are SI units, selected derived units, or selected accepted non-SI units:

Frequency, Force, Celsius Temperature, and Catalytic Activity

Selected Derived Units

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Units of Measurement

Determine if the ff. are SI units, selected derived units, or selected accepted non-SI units:

Minutes, Hours, Day, Liter, and Angstrom

Selected Accepted Non-SI

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Units of Measurement

To convert between units, what do you need to look at in order to determine how many times you’ll need to move the decimal?

The exponent correspondent to the prefix

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# Units of Measurement When moving from a larger unit to a smaller one, in which direction will the decimal move to?

Right

# Units of Measurement When moving from a smaller unit to a larger one, in which direction will the decimal move to?

Left

# Units of Measurement Convert 1L to uL

1,000,000 uL (move decimal 6 places to the right)

# Units of Measurement Convert 5mL to uL

5000 uL (move decimal 3 places to the right)

# Units of Measurement Convert 5.3mL to dL

0.053 dL (move decimal 2 places to the left)

# Units of Measurement Reporting of lab results is often expressed in terms of what rather than in SI units?

Substance Concentration (moles) or Mass (mg/dL, g/dL, etc.)

# Units of Measurement What factor converts conventional units to SI units and vice versa?

Conversion Factor (multiply or divide)

This is a substance that is used to test for the presence of another substance by causing a reaction with it

Reagent

This is any substance employed to produce a chemical reaction by adding a specimen to it

Reagent

# Reagents This is a substance that can occur naturally or man-made through a chemical process

Chemicals

# Reagents TOF: Despite the technological advancements, there is still a high demand for reagent preparation

False (manufacturers of lab instruments already prepare reagents in a ready-to-use/kit form to reduce the risk of reagent preparation hazards)

# Reagents Wet chemistry uses what kind of reagents?

Liquid

# Reagents Dry chemistry uses what kind of reagents?

Chips or cartridges

# Reagents The 6 general chemicals differ in their varying grades of what?

Purity

# General Chemicals This is aka reagent grade; it meets the purity requirements of most procedures in the lab hence why it is suitable (used for trace metal analysis and preparation of standard solutions)

Analytical Reagent Grade

# General Chemicals Analytical Reagent Grades (ARGs) are certified by what origanization?

American Chemical Society (they establish specifications for ARG chemicals)

# General Chemicals Labels on Analytical Reagent Grade chemicals will state the maximum allowable percentage of what?

Impurities

# General Chemicals These have undergone additional purification steps hence it is used for special needs and procedures (e.g. HPLC, chromatography, immunoassays, atomic absorptions, standardizations, etc.)

Ultrapure chemicals

# General Chemicals These are used to manufacture drugs as they are for human consumption

United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary

# General Chemicals TOF: Ultrapure chemicals have higher purities than analytical reagent grade chemicals

True

# General Chemicals TOF: United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary chemicals are harmful to humans

False (they are used for human consumption)

# General Chemicals TOF: The United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary chemicals are pure enough for most chemical procedures

True

# General Chemicals TOF: The United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary chemicals are based on reagent needs of a laboratory (they are tailor-made for each lab)

False (may or may not meet your lab's requirements)

# General Chemicals The preparation of these chemicals are not uniform because the purities are specified by the manufacturers

Chemically Pure Chemicals

# General Chemicals What 2 types of analysis are used to determine the purity range of chemicals?

Melting Point and Boiling Point Analysis

# General Chemicals TOF: Chemically pure chemicals are recommended for reagent preparation

False (you need to purify further)

# General Chemicals The disadvantage of chemically pure chemicals is that it fails to reveal what?

Tolerance limit (to impurities); hence it cannot be used for research and anachem purposes

# General Chemicals These are used primarily in manufacturing and should never be used in the clinical lab (the least desirable)

Technical/Commercial Grade Reagents

# General Chemicals What chemical has the lowest purity among the classes of reagents?

Technical/Commercial Grade Reagents

# General Chemicals These organic solvents are: 1. Able to obtain a 99% purity reading 2. Spectrally pure Note: There are 2 answers for each number but are combined into one classification

Chromatographic (1) and Spectroscopic (2) Grades

These are materials with compositions established for use in calibration, assignment of values, or method selection and verification

Reference Materials

These are aka "standards" and may be classified as primary, secondary, or ceritifed

Reference Materials

# Standard Solutions (Reference Materials) These are chemicals with the highest purity and can be directly measured to produce a substance of exact known concentration

Primary Standard

# Standard Solutions (Reference Materials) The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) requires: 1. The primary standard to have what purity percentage? 2. The working standard to have what purity percentage?

99.98% (1) and 99.95% (2)

# Standard Solutions (Reference Materials) The National Institute of Science and Technology's (NIST) purified materials are also known as?

Standard Reference Materials (SRM); used as primary standards in the lab; an alternative

# Standard Solutions (Reference Materials) TOF: The primary standards are easy to prepare

False (one of the disadvantages aside from being expensive)

# Standard Solutions (Reference Materials) Because most biological constituents are unavaible within the tolerance limitation, what does this mean for knowing the exact composition/concentration of body fluids?

It is impossible to know the exact composition of biological constituents (e.g. serum, plasma, etc.)

# Standard Solutions (Reference Materials) What is the error range for the Standard Reference Materials (SRM)?

(+ or -) 0.002

# Standard Solutions (Reference Materials) These are substances of lower purity whose concentration is determined by comparison to another standard using repeated analysis

Secondary Standard

# Standard Solutions (Reference Materials) Between primary and secondary standards, which is easy to prepare?

Secondary

# Standard Solutions (Reference Materials) These are certified by a technically valid procedure and was developed for use in clinical labs

Certified/Standard Reference Materials (CRM/SRM)

This is the most frequently used reagent in the lab especially when you are reconstituting or dissolving substances

Purified Water

Water should be what kind of grade?

Reagent-grade

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (RGW) This is used for test methods requiring minimum interference such as trace metal, iron, and enzyme analyses

Type 1 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water Type 1 Reagent Grade Water (RGW) is stored for only how long?

A short-period of time (use upon starting the procedure)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water This is used for procedures that require maximum water purity, for preparation of standard solutions, ultramicro chemical analyses, and the measurement of nanogram or subnanogram-concentrations and tissue or cell culture

Type 1 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water This is the cleanest type of water

Type 1 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water This is mostly used in lab determination in chemistry, hematology, microbiolgy, immunology, and other chemical lab areas

Type 2 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water These are acceptable for most analytic requirements including reagent, quality control, and standard preparation

Type 2 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water Is used most in qualitative measurements/examples like in procedures for urinalysis, parasitology and histology, washing glasswares, and procedures not requiring the other 2 types

Type 3 Reagent Grade Water (RGW)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water TOF: Type 3 Reagent Grade Water (RGW) is suitable for analysis and reagent preparation; aka autoclave wash waters

False

# Types of Reagent Grade Water This is obtained by boiling type 2 water as this is also used when CO2, ammonia, and oxygen may affect analysis

Type 3 Reagent Grade Water (Carbon Dioxide-free Water)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3) The pH is not specified

Types 1 and 2

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3) The pH is 5-8

Type 3

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3) A bacterial colony count of less than 10 CFU/mL

Type 1

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3) A bacterial colony count of less than 1000 CFU/mL

Type 2

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3) A bacterial colony count that is not specified

Type 3

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3) Has a silicate contamination of less than 0.05 mg/L

Type 1

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3) Has a silicate contamination of less than 0.1 mg/L

Type 2

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3) Has a silicate contamination of less than 1.0 mg/L

Type 3

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3) Has a resistivity of atleast 10 megaOhms/cm

Type 1

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3) Has a resistivity of atleast 1.0 megaOhms/cm

Type 2

# Types of Reagent Grade Water (1, 2, or 3) Has a resistivity of atleast 0.1 megaOhms/cm

Type 3

# Types of Reagent Grade Water TOF: The less coliforms (CFUs), the purer the water

True

# Types of Reagent Grade Water This is the second most abundant element on Earth after oxygen

Silicon/Silica (a hard glass-like mineral found dissolved in water)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water Silicate salts are commonly present in water which causes what effect?

Increased turbidity

# Types of Reagent Grade Water TOF: The less silicate, the more water is resistant (less conductive but higher purity)

True (and vice versa) The more silicate, the less pure the water is

# Types of Reagent Grade Water Electric current is directly related to the amount of dissolved what in water?

Salts (less salts, purer substance)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water Water samples with a lot of salt in it have higher or lower resistivity to electrical currents?

Lower resistivity (+ and higher conductivity)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water What is the relationship between a sample's salt content and conductivity?

Linear/Direct (acc. to ma'am) > More salt = less purity > Less purity = higher conductivity > More salt = higher conductivity Just know that salt increases water's conductivity (imagine you'd be electrocuted more harshly in the ocean than with pure water)

# Types of Reagent Grade Water What is the relationship between a sample's purity and bacteria and silicate concentration?

Indirectly proportional (less bacteria and silicon = more pure)

# Methods of Water Purification TOF: Most procedures use tap water

False (distilled or deionized)

# Methods of Water Purification Water is boiled, then vaporized, and collected once it has undegone condensation

Distillation

# Methods of Water Purification TOF: Water cannot be distilled more than once

False (each distillation cycle will remove impurities)

# Methods of Water Purification Uses an anion (+) or cation (-) exchange resin followed by replacement of removed particles with [OH] or [H] ions respectively

Deionized Water

# Methods of Water Purification From which water sample is deionized water produced from?

Distilled Water

# Methods of Water Purification TOF: In deionized water, although ions are removed, organic materials are still present so it is neither pure nor sterile

True

# Methods of Water Purification This uses pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane; can be used as a pre-treatment before subjecting it to other methods

Reverse Osmosis

# Methods of Water Purification TOF: Reverse osmosis does not remove dissolved gases

True

# Methods of Water Purification Uses cartridges made of glass, cotton, or activated charcoal which removes organic materials, chlorine, and submicron filters

Filtration

# Methods of Water Purification What is the most effective filtration size?

Less than 0.22um (average bacteria size is between 0.2 and 2um)

# Methods of Water Purification This removes trace organic materials

UVL Treatment

# Methods of Water Purification Uses specific wavelengths

Sterilization

(P) Lec 3: Basic Principles and Practices in CC (Part 1) Flashcards

(107 cards)