family (childhood)

Question 1

Wagg (Social Constructionist)

Social Construction of Childhood

Answer 1

AO1: Argues that childhood is socially constructed and varies between societies.

AO2: Modern Western childhood is distinct from adulthood, unlike in some cultures.

AO3: Supported by cross-cultural studies, but may underplay biological maturity.

Question 2

Shorter (Functionalist)

March of Progress View

Answer 2

AO1: Argues modern parents are more child-centred.

AO2: Seen in smaller family sizes and higher spending per child.

AO3: Conflict theorists argue not all children benefit equally from this.

Question 3

Gittins (Feminist)

Age Patriarchy

Answer 3

AO1: Describes the adult domination over children as age patriarchy.

AO2: Evident in controlling children’s time, space, and bodies.

AO3: Some argue children need protection, not freedom.

Question 4

Palmer (New Right/Critical View)

Toxic Childhood

Answer 4

AO1: Modern childhood is ‘toxic’ due to technology, junk food, and testing.

AO2: Linked to increased mental health problems in children.

AO3: Overgeneralised; ignores resilience and agency among children.