What can you use glycerol for?
Gluconeogenesis
What is the precursor molecule for ketone production?
Acetyl-CoA
What part of fat molecules are made into ketones?
FAs
Which tissues don’t use fat as fuel?
Brain
RBCs
Testes
Are free amino acid supplements like tryptophan good?
No!
Eg. Tryptophan supplements caused eosinophilia myalgia syndrome
What are the four D’s of Pellagra?
photosensitive dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death
What is the recommended daily intake of protein in Australia?
1g/kg
In term of weight, how much of a 70kg man is protein?
12kg
What amino acid does corn lack? Why is it important?
Tryptophan > niacin deficiency > Pellagra
How much protein do we make and break down per day?
300g
What happens if the concentration of FAs in the blood exceeds the carrying capacity of albumin?
The heart can be affected on exertion - cardiac arrhythmias
In what form are fats stored?
Triacylglycerol
Oxaloacetate can be made from which aa?
Aspartate
Do adipocytes have a cytoskeleton?
No
Ketone bodies are a mixture of what?
acetoacetate
β-hydroxybutyrate
acetone
What type of acids are ketones?
Strong
Organic
What is the first source of substrate for gluconeogenesis during starvation?
Proteins from muscle
What is beta-oxidation?
The process by which FAs are broken doing into acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria
Why is omega 3 beneficial?
They promote prostacyclin production - antithrombogenic
They downregulate thromboxane production (they are thrombogenic)
What do branch chain amino acids do in muscles?
Transaminate
Pyruvate can be made from which aa?
Alanine
How much energy does oxidation of fats yield?
37kJ/g
What type of cells take up fat?
Adipocytes
Myocytes
What causes Pellagra?
Niacin and tryptophan deficiency
What does omega 3 provide?
EPA - a long chain FA that we are unable to make
What are the three outcomes of aa’s absorbed in the gut?
Protein production for liver, muscles, gut and others
Neurotransmitters and haem
Used as carbon in the TCA cycle for production of glucose, fat or ketones
What happens to the 16g of N that the average Australian consumes per day?
15g are excreted in urine
1g is excreted in faeces
What are the names of the branch chain amino acids?
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
T/F Chylomicrons can travel in the lymph
True
Are proteins ketogenic or glucogenic?
Both
How much ATP is produced by beta-oxidation?
106
What is the function of the alanine cycle?
Shuttle excess N from muscles to the liver or kidneys
What is the major cause of long term damage as a result of starvation?
Thiamine deficiency after 2 weeks
Which aa acts as a N sink?
Glutamate
Alpha-ketoglutarate can be made from which aa?
Glutamate
How are fats transported around the body?
In chylomicrons
What does carnitine do?
Transports FAs into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation
