Fats and Proteins

Question 1

What can you use glycerol for?

Answer 1

Gluconeogenesis

Question 1

What is the precursor molecule for ketone production?

Answer 1

Acetyl-CoA

Question 2

What part of fat molecules are made into ketones?

Answer 2

FAs

Question 2

Which tissues don’t use fat as fuel?

Answer 2

Brain

RBCs

Testes

Question 2

Are free amino acid supplements like tryptophan good?

Answer 2

No!

Eg. Tryptophan supplements caused eosinophilia myalgia syndrome

Question 3

What are the four D’s of Pellagra?

Answer 3

photosensitive dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death

Question 4

What is the recommended daily intake of protein in Australia?

Answer 4

1g/kg

Question 4

In term of weight, how much of a 70kg man is protein?

Answer 4

12kg

Question 4

What amino acid does corn lack? Why is it important?

Answer 4

Tryptophan > niacin deficiency > Pellagra

Question 6

How much protein do we make and break down per day?

Answer 6

300g

Question 7

What happens if the concentration of FAs in the blood exceeds the carrying capacity of albumin?

Answer 7

The heart can be affected on exertion - cardiac arrhythmias

Question 8

In what form are fats stored?

Answer 8

Triacylglycerol

Question 9

Oxaloacetate can be made from which aa?

Answer 9

Aspartate

Question 11

Do adipocytes have a cytoskeleton?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Ketone bodies are a mixture of what?

Answer 12

acetoacetate

β-hydroxybutyrate

acetone

Question 12

What type of acids are ketones?

Answer 12

Strong

Organic

Question 13

What is the first source of substrate for gluconeogenesis during starvation?

Answer 13

Proteins from muscle

Question 15

What is beta-oxidation?

Answer 15

The process by which FAs are broken doing into acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria

Question 16

Why is omega 3 beneficial?

Answer 16

They promote prostacyclin production - antithrombogenic

They downregulate thromboxane production (they are thrombogenic)

Question 18

What do branch chain amino acids do in muscles?

Answer 18

Transaminate

Question 19

Pyruvate can be made from which aa?

Answer 19

Alanine

Question 21

How much energy does oxidation of fats yield?

Answer 21

37kJ/g

Question 22

What type of cells take up fat?

Answer 22

Adipocytes

Myocytes

Question 22

What causes Pellagra?

Answer 22

Niacin and tryptophan deficiency

Question 24

What does omega 3 provide?

Answer 24

EPA - a long chain FA that we are unable to make

Question 25

What are the three outcomes of aa's absorbed in the gut?

Answer 25

Protein production for liver, muscles, gut and others Neurotransmitters and haem Used as carbon in the TCA cycle for production of glucose, fat or ketones

Question 26

What happens to the 16g of N that the average Australian consumes per day?

Answer 26

15g are excreted in urine 1g is excreted in faeces

Question 28

What are the names of the branch chain amino acids?

Answer 28

Valine Leucine Isoleucine

Question 29

T/F Chylomicrons can travel in the lymph

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Are proteins ketogenic or glucogenic?

Answer 30

Both

Question 31

How much ATP is produced by beta-oxidation?

Answer 31

106

Question 32

What is the function of the alanine cycle?

Answer 32

Shuttle excess N from muscles to the liver or kidneys

Question 33

What is the major cause of long term damage as a result of starvation?

Answer 33

Thiamine deficiency after 2 weeks

Question 34

Which aa acts as a N sink?

Answer 34

Glutamate

Question 35

Alpha-ketoglutarate can be made from which aa?

Answer 35

Glutamate

Question 36

How are fats transported around the body?

Answer 36

In chylomicrons

Question 37

What does carnitine do?

Answer 37

Transports FAs into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation