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Hugh's MD1 Metabolism > Glucose Metabolism > Flashcards

Glucose Metabolism Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What is the net production of ATP and NADH for glycolysis?

A

2ATP

2NADH

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1
Q

In terms of metabolic disease, what is the problem with fructose?

A

It doesn’t stimulate insulin release

It fails to increase leptin production from adipocytes

Doesn’t appear to suppress ghrelin production

Fructose is converted glycerol in the liver - the chemical backbone of triacylgylcols

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1
Q

When does glucose storage change from glycogen to FAs in the liver?

A

When it’s saturated with glycogen

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1
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Pompes disease?

A

Lysosomes become engorged with glycogen as they’re unavailable to break it down due to their lack of alpha-1,4-glucosidase

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1
Q

What is advantage of low GI food?

A

The glucose is released into the blood more slowly

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2
Q

What is fibre protective against?

A

Diverticulosis

Haemorrhoid

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3
Q

What are signals for glycogen breakdown?

A

Glucagon

Adrenaline (in the muscles)

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4
Q

What organic molecules is fibre derived from?

A

Cellulose

Other complex carbohydrates

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5
Q

What is galactosaemia due to?

A

Failure to convert galactose to glucose

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5
Q

Are ketones sugar or fat?

A

Sugar

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6
Q

What does low C-peptide mean?

A

Low insulin

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7
Q

How many bases does NADH possess in its structure?

A

2

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7
Q

How much glucose does the brain need per day?

A

120g

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8
Q

What are raw materials for gluconeogenesis?

A

Glycerol

Amino acids

Lactate

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8
Q

What is produced in the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Ribose and NADPH

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9
Q

What are the pathological consequences of abnormal glycation?

A

Glycated blood vessels become brittle and prone to clots that stop the circulation

  • Blindness
  • Gangrene in feet
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11
Q

Which cell types have GLUT4 transporters?

A

Adipose and muscle cells

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11
Q

What is converted to lactate in anaerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvate

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12
Q

What compounds can’t under go gluconeogenesis?

13
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

14
Q

What is the fasting level of glucose?

15
Q

How much ATP does aerobic metabolism produce?

16
Q

Is the glucose the body uses D- or L-?

17
Q

What is the energy produced in NADH metabolism?

18
Which glucose transporter is important in diabetes?
GLUT4
20
How does glucose damage protein?
Glycation (addition of sugar)
22
What type of sugars are glucose and galactose?
Aldose sugar
23
When is the pentose phosphate pathway mainly used?
In the fed state
25
What is the major ketose in our diet?
Fructose
26
What is C-peptide?
The part of pro-insulin that is cleaved out
26
What is a starch a polymer of?
Glucose
27
What is the first reaction of glycolysis?
Glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
28
Which enzyme does the liver and kidneys have that allows gluconeogenesis
Glucose-6-pase
30
What type of sugar is lactose?
Ketose
32
Which GLUT transporter do all cell possess?
1
33
Above what blood glucose threshold will glucose be detected in the urine?
10mM
35
What is the energy produced in metabolism of ATP?
30.5kJ/mol
36
Are shorter or longer gut transit times better?
Shorter
38
What type of respiration does the retina rely on?
Anaerobic
39
What is the Cory cycle?
Glycogen to lactate in muscles Lactate goes to the liver and converted back to glucose which is stored back in muscle
41
What did the pasteur effect show?
The anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic
42
Why does the retina rely on anaerobic respiration?
There are few mitochondria
43
What role does Mg have in ATP reactions?
It stabilises
44
What does fibre do stools?
Increase their water content making them softer and less rough
45
What happens with GLUT4 in response to insulin?
It gets placed on the membrane
46
In what time of respiration can creatine be of aid?
Anaerobic
47
Which GLUT transporters should be know about?
1,2 and 4

Hugh's MD1 Metabolism (15 decks)

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