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FDN2 by Minnie > FDN2_SM_WK3_Histology > Flashcards

FDN2_SM_WK3_Histology Flashcards

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

1
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

Match the arrows with the following:

Elastic fiber

Collagen fiber

Macrophage

Fibroblast

A
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3
Q

What kind of cell junctions attatch epithelial cells to each other in the middle of an epithelial layer?

A

Macula adherens junctions (aka desmosomes)

These are focal “spot welds”

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4
Q

What kind of tissue is D?

A

Smooth Muscle

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5
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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6
Q

Suppose you know that a tissue’s main function is secretory… What kind of tissue is it likely to be?

A

Epithelial

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7
Q

What do Schwann cells look like in a cross-section of a nerve?

A

They have thin, wavy, purple nuclei on H&E stain

They are abundant

They will be arranged in rings around neurons

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8
Q

Where might non-keratinized epithelium be found?

A

Esophagus, oral cavity, vagina, anal canal

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9
Q

What is the most common type of collagen in the body?

A

Type I: It is found in skin, tendons, vasculature, organs, bone

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10
Q

Where in the muscle cell is troponin found?

A

Thin filaments of skeletal and cardiac muscle

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11
Q

What are the arrows pointing to?

A

Fibroblast nuclei

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12
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Cardiac Muscle

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13
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Glial cells in the PNS that surround ganglia (cell bodies)

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14
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Cardiac Muscle

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15
Q

What are microglia?

A

Macrophages of the CNS; they ingest foreign material, debris, and organisms

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16
Q

What is a defining feature of epitheilum?

A

Cells are closely attached to one another

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17
Q

What is loose connectie tissue made from?

A

Many cell types; Lots of ground substance in between fibrils. High fat content

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18
Q

What are the 3 possible triggers for smooth muscle contraction?

A
  1. Sympathetic neurons innervate muscle, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open -> causes release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. Stretch causes mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels to open -> causes relsease of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. Surface hormone receptors respond to a chemical signal -> Second messenger opens channel in ER -> Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to calmodulin, activates enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chain kinase, myosin can now interact with actin

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19
Q

Which muscle types contain tropmyosin?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac

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20
Q

What is dense, regular connective tissue made from?

A

Parallel bundles of collagen

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21
Q

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

A

Kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

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22
Q

How is collagen synthesized?

A

Procollagen is made in fibroblasts and released

3 procollagen fibers are assembled into a collagen fiber in the extracellular matrix

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23
Q

What does myelin look like under a microscope?

A

White space surrounding a neuronal axon (not visible on H&E stain)

May be able to see the nucleus of a Schwann cell

Appears black on an osmium stain

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24
Q

What type of epithelial cells are in this picture?

A

Simple cuboidal

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25
Q

Supppose this is a tissue sample from the colonic submucosa

What kind of tissue does each arrow point to?

A

1 - epithelial

2 - loose connective

3 - smooth muscle (surrounds the GI tract)

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26
Q

What kind of connective tissue is resistant to multidirectional forces?

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue?

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27
Q

What is an ependymal cell?

A

A type of glial cell in the CNS that produces cerebrospinal fluid.

They form the choroid plexus and line ventricles of the brain and spinal canal

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28
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Supporting cells in the nervous system

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29
Q

What is a node of ranvier?

A

A gap in the myeling sheath; An action potential can “jump” between nodes of ranvier

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30
Q

Where is keratinized epithelim found?

A

Skin

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31
Q

What is dense, irregular connective tissue made from?

A

Woven collagen fibers with some elastin

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32
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Where the cell body receives information

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33
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

A

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Adipose

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34
Q

What kind of cells produce myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes in the CNS

Schwann cells in the PNS

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35
Q

What kind of tissue is A?

A

Cardiac Muscle

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36
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Smooth muscle (uterus)

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37
Q

Which thin filaments are present in all three muscle types?

A

Actin, Tropomyosin

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38
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

A reticular fiber

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39
Q

Nuclei from which cells make up the majority of visible nuclei in a cross-section of a neuron?

A

Schwann cells;

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40
Q

What are some characteristic features of dense, regular connective tissue?

A

Resistant to lengthening

Dark pink on H&E stain

Wavier than smooth muscle

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41
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Skeletal muscle

(a cross-section)

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42
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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43
Q

What are the defining characteristics of muscle tissue?

A
  • Can contract
  • Responsible for movement
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44
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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45
Q

What is the smooth-muscle equivalent of troponin?

A

Calmodulin

Ca2+ binds to it, allows contraction to continue

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46
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue supporting the peripheral nervous system?

A

Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium

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47
Q

Describe the shape of smooth muscle cells

A

Short, spindle shaped with a central cigar-shaped nuleus

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48
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue

Few nuclei = connective tissue

Bright pink = dense

Wavy-ness = irregular

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49
Q

Where is dense, regular connective tissue found?

A

Tendons

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50
Q

What kind of cell junctions prevent materials from passing in between epithelial cells?

A

Zona occludens (aka tight junctions)

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51
Q

What is a myofibroblast?

A

Dual threat!

The secretory function of a fibroblast and the contractile properties of a smooth muscle cell

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52
Q

What are the defining features of connective tissue?

A

Cells that are separated from each other and surrouned by extracellular matrix

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53
Q

What kind of cells make up the perineurium?

A

Fibroblasts: they produce the connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle

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54
Q

Where do we find epithelial tissue?

A

Exterior of the body

Covering the outer surface of internal organs

Lining body cavities, tubes, and ducts

In glands

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55
Q

What are the characteristics that define epithelial tissues?

A

Shape (Squamous, cubiodal, columnar)

Number of cells (simple or stratified)

Keratinized or non-keratinized

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56
Q

Where is loose connective tissue found?

A

Superficial fascia (under the skin)

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57
Q

Which component of connective tissue exracellular matrix is responsible for hydration?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

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58
Q

Which vitamin is important in collagen assembly?

A

Vitamin C

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59
Q

What is the ? pointing to?

A

Nissl bodies

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60
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

Specialized connective tissue surrounding each nerve fascile

  • Made out of fibroblasts
  • Contriubutes to the Blood-Brain Barrier
  • Has tight junctions
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61
Q

Where in the body would you find tissues with a high elastic fiber content?

A

Lungs, aorta, skin, elastic cartilege, fetal tissue

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62
Q

What is the name for the dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve?

A

Epineruium

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63
Q

Which muscle types are striated?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac

64
Q

Why do dendrites contain microtublules and neurofilaments?

A

So materials can be transported intracellularly in both directions

65
Q

Fibroblasts in the PNS are like ________ in the CNS

A

Astrocytes

66
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

(This is a clinical correlation but I already made the slide before I realized and I don’t want to delete it sorry!)

A

Atrophied skeletal muscle

  • More space in between myocytes
  • Myocyte gets thinner, darker pink, wavier
  • Nuclei centralize
67
Q

What is reticular connective tissue made out of?

A

Reticulin, which is made from collagen

68
Q

What are the 4 main types of connective tissue?

A

Loose

Dense

Reticular

Adipose

69
Q

What kind of cells produce cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

70
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Adipose Tissue

71
Q

What kind of epithelium is found at absorptive surfaces

A

Simple columnar

Examples: Small intestine, bronchioles

72
Q

What is the defining characteristic of nervous tissue?

A

Controls and integrates functional activities of organs and organ systems

Enables teh body to respond to continuous change in the environment

73
Q

What is C pointing to?

A

A myelin sheath

74
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A cell body in the peripheral nervous system

75
Q

What type of muscle cell has a sigle, cigar-shaped nucleus?

A

Smooth

76
Q

What is the function of zona occludens?

A

Zona occludens are tight junctions

They connect adjacent cells closely together to nothing can seep though

Example: the blood-brain barrier

77
Q

What is the primary component of ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

78
Q

Where is dense, irregular connective tissue found?

A

Joint capsules, under skin, in fascia

79
Q

What kind of tissue is the arrow pointing to?

A

Smooth muscle

(surrouding an artery)

80
Q

What kind of tissue is the arrow pointing to?

A

Loose connective tissue

Lots of open space, light pink

81
Q

Describe the shape of cardiac muscle cells

A

Shorter than skeletal muscle

Branching

Each cell has one central nucleus

82
Q

Where would you find an intercalated disk?

A

Cardiac muscle cell

The cells attach to each other at intercalated disks

83
Q

Suppose you see many random elastic fiber coils in a tissue sample. What does this mean?

A

The tissue is stretchy! It can accomodate expansion

84
Q

Which cells make up the majority of cells in the CNS?

A

Glial cells

85
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

A

Conjunctiva of the eye, parts of the pharynx, anus, uterus, and male urethra and vas deferens

86
Q

What are the main types of fibers found in connective tissue?

A

Collagen and elastin

Collagen is much more common!

87
Q

What cell types make up connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts

Macrophages

Adipocytes

Pericytes

Mast cells

Other white blood cells

88
Q

What triggers skeletal muscle to contract?

A

Neuron innervates muscle (releases ACh, it binds to nicotinic ACh receptor)

Membrane depolarizes

Voltage-sensitive calcium channels on T-tublule cause SR to release Ca2+

Troponin binds to Ca2+

Tropomysoin is freed, and can interact with actin

89
Q

What are the arrows pointing to?

A

Elastin fibers

90
Q

This is a picture of grey matter in the brain:

What is E pointing to?

A

Dendrites

91
Q

What kind of epithelim lines the lumen of ducts and tubules?

A

Simple cuboidal

92
Q

Knowing that this is a sample from a peripheral nerve, what kinds of nuclei are most abundant?

A

Schwann cell nuclei

93
Q

What is the purpose of a hemidesmosome?

A

Anchors the cell to the basement membrane

94
Q

Where is pseudostratified epithelium likely to be found?

A

Large airways of the respitory system (trachea)

Epididymis

95
Q

What is the purpose of the basement membrane?

A

Attaches and anchors epithelial cells to underlying tissues

Separates epithelial cells and connective tissue

Separates layers of cells

Can act as a filter (kidney)

Role in cell-cell communication

96
Q

What are the pink things in the tissue that the arrow is pointing to?

A

Collagen fibers

This is loose connective tissue; the collagen fibers are loosely packed

97
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

The walls of blood vessels and organs

98
Q

What is B pointing to?

A

A Schwann cell nucleus

99
Q

What kind of connective tissue is resistant to lengthening?

A

Dense, regular connective tissue

100
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Dense, regular connective tissue

101
Q

Describe the appearance of a skeletal muscle cell

A

Striated

Multinucleated

Nuclei on the edge of the cell

Long

102
Q

Give some examples of glial cells in the CNS and PNS

A

CNS: Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal

PNS: Schwann, Satellite

103
Q

Match each muscle type with a picture

A
104
Q

Where is transitional epithelum likely to be found?

A

Bladder

105
Q

A mutation in the fibrilin gene will result in defective ________

A

Elastic fibers

106
Q

What does a smooth muscle cell look like under a microscope?

A

Bright pink (eosinophilic cytoplasm)

Elongated, blunt-ended nuclei (cigar shaped)

107
Q

Which muscle type is innervated by somatomotor neurons?

A

Skeletal

108
Q

What kind of epithelium lines blood vessles and body cavities?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

109
Q

What is the function of a fibroblast?

A

Make fibers and extracellular matrix components

(The workhorse of connective tissue)

110
Q

What is a Nissl Body?

A

A stack of rough ER in the cytoplasm of a neuron cell body

They make protein

111
Q

What are some characteristic features of loose connective tissue?

A

Few fibers, lots of ground substance*

High fat content

Light pink under H&E stain

*Ground substance looks like empty space under a microscope

112
Q

What is the name for the specialized connective tissue that surrounds each nerve fascicle?

A

Perineurium

113
Q

What is the function of macula adherens?

A

Desmosomes

They are specific welding points that help cells stick together

114
Q

Name 4 types of supporting cells (glial cells) in the CNS

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Astrocytes
  4. Ependymal cells
115
Q

What are neurilemma?

A

Layers of schwann cells surrounding a neuron

116
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Reticular connective tissue

The sample is from a lymph node

117
Q

What kind of tissue is C?

A

Cross-section of peripheral nerve without cell bodies

(Thank you @Nathan Schlobin!)

118
Q

Ground substance contains which 3 major groups of molecules?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) = most common

Proteoglycans

Multiadhesive glycoproteins

119
Q

What kind of tissue is the liver made out of?

A

Epithelial

120
Q

What kind of tissue is B?

A

Skeletal Muscle Cross Section

121
Q

What are some charactaristics of reticular connective tissue?

A

Reticular fibers are thin and stain black on an elastic (EVG) stain

Between the fibers there may be open spaces or lots of cell

Reticular connective tissue creates a supportive meshwork for hematopoietic tissues to allow cells to pass through

122
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

123
Q

What are some characteristic features of dense, irregular connective tissue

A

Fibers going muliple directions

Dark pink on H&E stain

Resistant to mulit-directional forces

124
Q

What is the purpose of an intercalated disk?

A

It propagates depolarizations from cell to cell

125
Q

What triggers cardiac muscle to contract?

A

Sympathetic nervous system innervation initiates contraction

Voltage-gated extracellular Ca2+ open

Increased Ca2+ triggers the release of intracellular Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca2+ binds to troponin

Tropomyosin is freed, myosin can interact with actin

126
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Dense, regular connective tissue

Wavy appearance, parallel lines, few nuclei

127
Q

What kind of tissue is the endometrium?

A

Loose connective tissue

128
Q

What are some characteristics of adipose tissue?

A

White on H&E stain (fat doesn’t stain)

Nucleus on the edge

Looks like marshmallows surrounded by cell membrane and a nucleus

129
Q

What is the name for the loose connective tissue that surrounds each neuron?

A

Endoneurium

130
Q

Where does connective tissue arise from?

A

Mesoderm

131
Q

This is a picture of grey matter in the brain:

What is A pointing to?

A

Supportive glial cells

132
Q

What is the basement membrane made from?

A

Extracellular matrix

133
Q

What kind of cell junctions attach cells to each other near their apical membrane?

A

Zona Adherens (aka Adherens Junctions)

134
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Sympathetic ganglion

(Look for large cell bodies)

The dark dots are nuclei of satellite cells

135
Q

What is fibrilin?

A

A component of microfibrils necessary for assembling elastic fibers

136
Q

Where might you find a dense body?

A

Smooth muscle cell

A dense body is the contractile unit

137
Q

What is adipose tissue made from?

A

Adipocytes

138
Q

Which types of collagen form networks in the basement membrane?

A

Type V, Type VI

139
Q

What are some possible funcitonal roles of epithelial cells?

A

Secretory

Protective

Absorptive

Moving things along

140
Q

What is the function of zona adherens?

A

Adherens Junctions; they are a continuous band around the cell

They help cells stick together

141
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue that surrounds groups of fascicles to enclose the whole nerve

  • Fills the space between fascicles
142
Q

What kind of tissue is this?

A

Smooth muscle

143
Q

What is the purpose of reticular connective tissue?

A

Foms the meshwork of lymph nodes and other hematopoetic tissues to allow cells to pass through

144
Q

What is the function of ground substance?

A

Mechanical support, hydration, regulation of cell migration

145
Q

Where are perineural cells located?

A

Within nerve fibers of the CNS; they surround each individual nerve facicle

146
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

Loose connective tissue surrounding each neuron

147
Q

What tissue type is this?

A

Epithelial

148
Q

This is a picture of grey matter in the brain:

What is C pointing to?

A

An axon

149
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

Coordinate the function of the epithelium

Gap junctions create a direct pore between two cells. It allows small molecules to pass through for cell-cell communication and metaboilism

150
Q

What are elastic fibers made from?

A

Elastin and microfibrils

151
Q

What tissue type is this?

A

Epithelial

152
Q

Match each letter (A-C) with the correct layer of connective tissue

What is D?

A

D is a fascicle

153
Q

This is a picture of grey matter in the brain:

What is D pointing to?

A

Neuron Cell Body

154
Q

Which type of muscle contains T-tubules organized into a triad?

A

Skeletal

155
Q

What causes striated muscle to appear striated under a microscope?

A

Presence of sarcomeres

156
Q

What is A pointing to?

A

An axon

FDN2 by Minnie (14 decks)

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