Feast and Famine

Question 1

What are the 3 ways in which metabolic pathways are regulated

Answer 1

• allosteric effectors
• covalent modification
• changes in amount of key enzymes

Question 2

function of acetyl COA

Answer 2

activate pyruvate carboxylase

inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 3

function of AMP

Answer 3

activate AMPK

inhibit gluconeogensis, protein synthesis, lipogensis, cholesterol synthesis

Question 4

function of cirtrate

Answer 4

activate acetyl-CoA carbozylase (FA synthesis)

inhibits PFK1 and PFK2 (glycolysis)

Question 5

functino of fuctose 2,6 bp

Answer 5

activate PFK1

inhibits F11,6BPase

Question 6

function of fructose 1,6 bp

Answer 6

activate pyruvate kinase

Question 7

function of glucose

Answer 7

actiate glucokinase

Question 8

function of malonyl-CoA

Answer 8

inhibit CPT I (FA degration)

Question 9

functino of cAMP

Answer 9

activate protein kinase A
incrase glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis
inhibit glycolysis, lipogensis

Question 10

affect of fatty acids

Answer 10

induce gene for FA ozidation and keton synthesis by PPRE

Question 11

affect of glucocagon

Answer 11

induces genes for gluconeogensis bia CRE

represses genes for lipid synthesis via CRE

Question 12

affect of insulin

Answer 12

induces genes for lipid syntheiss bia SRE

represses genes for gluconeogensis and FA oxidation via IRE

Question 13

limitations of fatty acids as energy

Answer 13

• requires O2
• can’t cross bbb
• can’t be converted into glucose

Question 14

advantages of glucose

Answer 14

can be catabolized quickly w/o oxygen

-can cross bbb

Question 15

limitation of glucose

Answer 15

small stores

Question 16

limitations of amino acids

Answer 16

no storage

Question 17

metabolism of RBCs

Answer 17

convert glucose to lactate

Question 18

what do muscles prefer for energy metabolism

Answer 18

fatty acids

Question 19

What else can muscles use for energy

Answer 19

glucose

ketone bodies

Question 20

can muscles function anaerobically

Answer 20

yes, briefly

Question 21

can muscles convert amino acids to glucose

Answer 21

no - happens in liver

Question 22

Does the heart story energy

Answer 22

no

Question 23

can the heart function anaerobically

Answer 23

no

Question 24

what type of fuel does the heart prefer

Answer 24

fatty acids

Question 25

what fuel does the brain use

Answer 25

glucose, in severe stravation it can use ketones

Question 26

what fuel does the liver use

Answer 26

fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, and lactate

Question 27

what does liver store

Answer 27

glycogen

Question 28

excess glucose is converted by the liver into what

Answer 28

VLDLs

Question 29

what releases fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 29

adipose tissue

Question 30

what happens during refeeding

Answer 30

electrolyte problems

Question 31

what 2 conditions need to be considered when refeeding

Answer 31

lack of digestive enzymes | lack of intracellular phosphate

Question 32

after the first 10-20 second of excerise what happens

Answer 32

muscle funciton is driven by ATP/creatine-phospahte reserves

Question 33

after 20 seconds of excerise what happens

Answer 33

muscle function is supported by fatty acid and glucose metabolism

Question 34

what happens after an hour of excerise

Answer 34

metabolism increases fatty acid utilization

Question 35

what happens after 2 hours of exercise

Answer 35

glycogen stores are exhausted and energy is drawn from fatty acid oxidation