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1. Toxicology > Feed Related Toxicosis > Flashcards

Feed Related Toxicosis Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Ammoniation

A

Feed stuffs treated with anhydrous or aqueous ammonia to ↑ protein/ nitrogen content

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2
Q

Ammoniated feed pathogenesis/ mechanism

A

Ammonia production following hydrolysis of NPN in the rumen → rumen microflora uses it → aa production

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3
Q

Ammoniated feed major signs

A

Hyperexcitability syndrome (nervousness, rapid blinking, ataxia, ↑ RR, impairment of vision, frequent urination/ deification, frothing, convulsions, etc)

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4
Q

Ammoniated feed target organs

A

Ammonia in the LIVER (overwhelmed) → hyperammonia and inhibition of the TCA cycle

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5
Q

Ammoniated feed treatment

A

Acepromazine and removal of suspect toxicants

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6
Q

Ammoniated feed prognosis

A

Guarded prognosis

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7
Q

Bovine bonkers

A

Pyrazines and imidazoles
Toxic ammoniated hay, ammoniated liquid molasses and protein molasses blocks
Imidazoles= convulsing agents

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8
Q

Monensin

A

Polyether ionophore (abx) produced by S. cinnamonesis

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9
Q

Monensin mechanism

A

Ioniphores form lipid- soluble complexes and transport ions across membrane between extra and intracellular spaces

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10
Q

Monensin toxicity

A

Affects Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration leading to muscle death
horses susceptible, 2-3 Mg lethal

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11
Q

Signs of Monensin toxicity

A

Colic, excessive sweating
Diarrhea, anorexia
Abnormal/staggering gait
Muscle weakness

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12
Q

Monensin lesions

A

Epicardial and endocardial hemorrhage
Paleness/ streaking of ventricular myocardium, loss of heart muscle tone, hydrothorax
Ascites
Pulmonary congestion, hepatomegaly, hemorrhage of skeletal muscle

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13
Q

Gossypol

A

Yellow polyphenolic pigment that makes cotton insect repellant

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14
Q

Gossypol common sources

A

Whole Cotten seed, cotton seed hulls, seed meal

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15
Q

Gossypol susceptibility

A

All susceptible!
Monogastrics, preruminants, and poultry most affected
Newborn dairy calves raised on bottle and calf starter ration @ greatest risk

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16
Q

Gossypol cardiotoxic effects

A

Destruction of musculature
Gradual heart failure (massive fluid buildup)
Sudden death without lesions

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17
Q

Gossypol Reproductive effects

A

Irregular estrus cycle
Inhibits sperm motility
Reduced conception and litter sizes, and abortion
Suppress progesterone

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18
Q

Nitrate/ nitrite common sources

A

High nitrite/ nitrate containing plants
Nitrate based fertilizer
Storage areas with granular nitrates

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19
Q

Nitrate MOA

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A

High nitrate forage —> nitrate to nitrite to ammonia in the rumen —> excess nitrite goes into the blood —> nitrite to Hb then converted to methemoglobin

20
Q

Nitrate susceptibility

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A

Occurs in all animals
Ruminants are most susceptible
Don’t fed to pregnant cattle

21
Q

Nitrate target organs

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A

Vasculature and GIT

22
Q

Nitrate major clinical signs

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A

Tissue O2 deprivation: exercise intolerance, dyspnea, weakness, ataxia, tachycardia, depression, tremors, musty/ cyanosis mucous membranes
Abortion

23
Q

Nitrate diagnosis

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A

Excessive nitrate in plasma, serum, blood, heart blood from fetus or dam
Levels over >10 ppm nitrate in ocular fluid

24
Q

Nitrate lesions

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A

Chocolate colored blood and brownish cast to all tissues
Congestion of ruminants or abomasal mucosae, GIT irritation

25
Nitrate treatment and prevention
Methylene blue (antidote IV) Rumen lavage- cold water and oral penicillin Guarded prognosis
26
Nitrate/ nitrite plant sources
Fiddleneck Red-root pigweed Sundangrass Johnsongrass Annual ryegrass Pearl millet Lambsquarter Kochia
27
Cyanide common sources
Peach greets, apricot trees arrowgrass, Johnsongrass, plum trees, cherry trees, Almond trees, elderberry
28
Cyanide MOA
Cyanide combines with iron in cytochrome oxidase —> prevents terminal transfer of O2 —> blocks cellular respiration—> oxyHb can’t release O2 —> Hb bright red because it’s super oxygenated
29
Cyanide clinical signs
Rapid death Generally no signs but: involuntary poop and pee, muscle tics, dilated pupils, bitter almonds
30
Cyanide toxicology
Seal in airtight containers and refrigerate/ freeze and submit to lab Suspect plant material/ sources, heparinized whole blood, liver, skeletal muscles
31
Cyanide treatment and prevention
Amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite Sodium thiosulfate
32
Cyanide lesions
Blood, bright red tissues Mm cyanotic/ dark near death Petechial hemorrhages
33
Equine cystitis ataxia sorghums cystitis
Chronic CN tox: cyanogenic glycoside Horses grazing sorghum-sudan hybrid grass
34
Equine cystitis ataxia sorghums cystitis CS
Bladder inflammation: frequent urination, staggers, loss of function Abortions, and deformed foals Paresis/ flaccid paralysis Caudal ataxia, incoordination, cystitis Alopecia on hind legs
35
Equine cystitis ataxia sorghums cystitis MOA
Axonal degeneration and myelomalacia of the SC and cerebellum
36
Sodium ion Intoxication (salt poisoning, hypernatremia) MAO
Na enters the brain → with limited water or dehydration Na levels ↑ → high Na levels in the brain inhibit glycolysis (no energy to active Na transport) → cerebral edema
37
Water deprovation/ Na ion intoxication
When cerebral edema induced by sudden access to large amounts of fresh water Calves bucket or bottle fed most susceptible
38
Na ion intoxication CS
Initially thirst and constipation Intermittent seizures develop after re-access to water GIT and CNS: salivation, pruritus, blindness, deaf
39
Na ion intoxication lesions
Inflamed gastric mucosa, pinpoint ulcers Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis Edema/ necrosis of cerebral cortex (3-6 d after) ↑ vascularity and histiocytes in white matter
40
Pigs morbidity with Na ion intoxication
Die during first 12 hours Eosinophils in brain and disappear after 24-36 hrs
41
Water deprivation treatment
Give small amounts of water at frequent intervals gradually Diuretics (mannitol) Anticonvulsants
42
Blue green algae poisoning
Acute often fatal due to cyanotoxins in cyanobacteria spp → toxic to LIVER In warm seasons
43
Blue green algae poisoning susceptibility and sources
All spp From drinking water: agricultural, recreational, aquaculure + fertilizer run-off
44
Blue green algae poisoning MOA
Hepatotoxin microcystins and nodularin alter the cytoskeleton of hepatocytes Microcystin alters phosphoyation of cytoskeleton and inhibits protein phosphatases (blebbbing of membrane) Anatoxin A: Depolarizes nictoinic membranes and inhibits acetylcholinesterases in NS
45
Blue green algae poisoning CS
Watery/ bloody diarrhea Muscle tremors, paddlings, dyspnea, cyanosis, coma then death in a few days
46
Blue green algae poisoning lesions
Hepatomegaly and hemorrhage Clumps of greenish cyanobacteria in GIT Green stain: mouth, legs, nose, feet
47
Blue green algae poisoning supplements
Chorella, spirulina

1. Toxicology (14 decks)

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