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1. Toxicology > Poisonous Plants > Flashcards

Poisonous Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Insoluble oxalate plant targets

A

Dogs and cats kept inside
Targets: GIT (mouth), eye, resp.

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2
Q

Treatment of Insoluble oxalate plants

A

Irrigate oral cavity
Oral calcium
Pain meds (NSAIDs)

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3
Q

Alocasia (elephant ear)

A

Insoluble calcium oxalate
Cats, dogs, horses

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4
Q

CS of elephant ear toxicity

A

Oral irritation, intense burning
Excessive drooling, vomiting, difficulty swallowing

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5
Q

Epipremnum aureum (pothos) and Peace lilies (Spathiphyllum sp.)

A

Dogs, cats, children
Insoluble calcium oxalates and uknown proteins

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6
Q

CS of pothos and peace lily toxicity

A

Immediate burning and inflammation of mouth and throat
Head shaking, extended tongue
Pain, salivation, dyspnea, V/D

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7
Q

Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia)

A

ICO and unknown proteins
Targets skin, mm, oropharynx

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8
Q

Phildendron in cats

A

ICO
CNS: convulsions and encephalitis in cats

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9
Q

Other ICO plants

A

Snake plant (sansevieria)
Umbrella plant (schefflera)
Caladium (araceae)

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10
Q

Soluble oxalate plants

A

Cattle and sheep
Targets GI and kidney
Poor prognosis

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11
Q

Soluble oxalate plant sources

A

Beats and dock (rumex), halogeton, Greasewood, rhubarb, tropical grasses (setaria, kochia),

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12
Q

Soluble oxalate plant MOA

A

SO complex with serum Ca forming Ca oxalate → 20% depletion of ionized Ca and functional hypocalcemia → crystals in urine

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13
Q

Soluble oxalate plant CS

A

Ruminal atony, bloat, twitching, ataxia, teeth grinding, seizures, death

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14
Q

Soluble oxalate plants treatment

A

IV Ca gluconate, IV fluid diuresis, analgesics, GIT protectants, pain meds

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15
Q

Halogeton

A

SO
Severe nephrosis with uremia and hypocalcemia

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16
Q

Cardiac glycosides soruces

A

Fox glove
Oleander
Lily of the Valley
Asclepias (milkweeds)
Dogbane

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17
Q

Foxglove MOA

A

Inhibits Na, K ATPase enzyme → elevates intra Na exchanged for Ca → greater myocardial contractility → ↓ resting membrane potential

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18
Q

Foxglove

A

CVS and GIT
Treat: symptomatic digoxin FAB
Guarded prognosis

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19
Q

Oleander distribution

A

Tropical - FL and CA - gardens and yards

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20
Q

Kalanchoe

A

Cardiac glycoside affecting cats and dogs
Depression, ↑ RR, teeth grinding, ataxia, paralysis, death

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21
Q

Milk weeds (asclepias)

A

Tuberosa and Subverticillata

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22
Q

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs)

A

Diseases: Seneciosis, hepatic cirrhosis, venoocclusive disease
Senecia, Crotalaria and cyanoglossum spp

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23
Q

Senecia and Crotalaria spp

A

Livestock, cattle and horses
Hepatotoxicity

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24
Q

Senna/ Cassia spp. (sickle pod, coffeeweed)

A

Senoside
GIT, skeletal and heart muscles
Laxative effects

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25
Poison Hemlock (conium maculatum)
Piperidine alkaloids with nicotinic effects Targets NS
26
Posion hemlock CS
Mousey odor of breath and urine Dilated pupils, weakness, staggering, slow pulse, teratogenic, death
27
Water hemlock (cicuta spp)
Wet moist areas Resinoids: cicutoxin and cicutol toxins
28
Water hemlock CS
Rapid onset of violent convulsions Death within 15-30 minutes Targets CNS Seizures
29
Lantana cumara
Triterpenoids Puppies and cattle
30
Lantana cumara CS
Liver toxicosis: jaundice Constipation and loss of appetite
31
Death angel (amanita phalloides)
Ibotenic and muscimol Targets the liver CS: tachycardia, hypotension, ataxia, seizures, coma, death, etc.
32
Treated death angel toxicosis
Diazepam (symptomatic)
33
Marijuana (cannabis sativa)
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) CS: ataxia, incoordination, depression/ excitement, vomiting and dry mm, hyperthermia and tachycardia
34
Treatment for THC toxicity
Supportive, ventilation and diazepam
35
Lillies (lilum sp)
All parts nephrotoxic Cats Elevated creatinine, BUN, P and K Acute tubular necrosis
36
Oak bud poisoning (acorn)
Tannic acid, pyrogallol Common in cattle and sheep Gi effects, perierenal edema and icterus
37
Onion and garlic
N-propyl disulfide Denatures Hb → heinz bodies and acute hemolysis Cattle and dogs
38
Xylitol MOA
Stimulates insulin → severe hypoglycemia → acute hepatic failure and coagulopathies
39
Sago palm (cycadaceae spp)
Cycasin, BMAA Cycasin irritates GIT → vomiting CS: GIT, CNS/ neurotoxic, hepatotoxic
40
Azaleas and Rhododendrons
Grayantoxin (adromedotoxins) Binds Na channels in excitable membranes → interferes with normal skeletal, cardiac m. and n. function
41
CS of Azalea toxicosis
Salivation, lacrimation, V/D, dyspnea, m. weakness, numbness, convulsions, coma and death
42
Castor Bean (Ricinus communis)
Ricin alkaloid (seeds) Targets GIT and liver CS: emesis, diarrhea. nausea, nephrotox Laxative and induce labor
43
Daffodil (narcissus)
Lysoin alkaloids V/D, hypotension, weakness, deaths (rare)
44
Autumn Crocus (Colchicum autumnale)
Colchicine inhibits spindle formation during cell division CS: GIT, burning in mouth, neuropathies, arrhythmias , renal and liver failure
45
Treatment for Autumn Crocus
Colchitine FAB fragments (symptomatically)
46
Cyclamen
Terpenoid saponins Dogs and cats Salivation, V/D, heart rhythm abnormalities , seizures, death
47
Larkspur (delphinium)
Dogs and cats Diterpene alkaloids Neuromuscular paralysis, cardiac failure and resp. paralysis
48
Horse tail (Equisetrum spp.)
Toxicosis in 1-4 weeks Thiaminases inhibit vit. B1 CS: unthriftiness, WL, emaciation, coma and death
49
Cocklebur (Xanthium)
Carboxyatractyloside Inhibits ATP transport in mitochondria Prog: poor to guarded
50
CS of cocklebur toxicosis
GI: colic, tenderness, liver toxicosis NS: depression and convulsions Path: centrilobular necrosis, hemorr. nephritis
51
Pigweed (amaranthus retroflexus)
Oxalates and nitrates Swine and livestock Perirenal edema and ascites
52
Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum)
Thiaminase → inactivates VB1 Enzootic hematuria in cattle and sheep
53
Bracken Staggers
Horses and pigs (acute form) Treat: Thiamine solution Poor prog in cattle, good to guarded in horses
54
Tall Fescue toxicity (lolium arundinacea) diseases
Ergot alkaloids Fescue foot, summer slump, summer syndrome, summer fescue toxicosis, fat necrosis, lipomatosis
55
Fescue toxicosis CL
Lameness, heat intolerance, alagacia, prolonged gestation, abortions, fetal dysmaturity, dystocia, retained fetal mem.
56
Sudan grass (sorghum spp.)
Livestock Hydrocyanic acid, nitrate and photosensitization
57
CS of sudan grass toxicity
Dyspnea, bloat, staggering, convulsions, death Bright red blood to dark chocoalte
58
Sudan grass treatment
CN: Na nitrate and Na thiosulfate NO3: methylene blue
59
Night shade (atropa belladonna)
Pigs most affected Anticholinergic. parasympathetic (hyoscine/ atropine alkaloids)
60
CS of night shade
CNS: rendering n. endings in involuntary m. paralysis, mydriasis, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, confusion, convulsions
61
Jimson Weed, Angel's trumpet
Hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine Anticholinergic, parasympatholytic
62
Jimson weed toxicosis CS
Flushed skin, thirst, mydriasis, visual problems, wander, m. twitching Hallucinations, delirium, resp. tachycardia, death
63
Choke cherry (prunus spp)
Cyanogenic glycoside Blood bright cherry red but can't deliver oxygen
64
Choke cherry MOA
Cyanide combines with iron in cytochrome oxidase → prevents terminal O2 transfer and blocking cellular resp. → oxyHb can't relaease O2 for electron transport
65
Red Maple (Acer
Horses Anorexia, pale mm, red-brown urine Tx: charcoal, mineral oil, fluids
66
Locoweed (atragulus and oxytropis)
Livestock Obligate selenium accumulator Swainsonine
67
Locoweed CS
Chronic syndrome, depression, emaciation, incoordination, dull coat, alopecia, abortions, neurologic effects
68
Yew (taxus)
Taxine Cattle, horse, dog, cat CS: sudden death from acute cardiac failure, tremors, dyspnea Seizures in dogs
69
Yellow Star Thistle/ Yellow Knapweed (Centura spp.)
Alkaloids Equine Nigropallidal encephalomalacia - chewing disease
70
Yellow star thistle lesions
Liquefactive necrosis Necrosis of substantia nigra and globus pallidus
71
Stinging nettle/ bull nettle, nettle spurge
Hairs with histamine, ACh, serotonin and formic acid Dogs MOA: Parasympathomimetic stimulatin from ACh
72
Stinging Nettle CS
Salivation, burning of mouth, m. weakness, trembling, vomiting, dyspnea, borchoconstriction, ↓ HR and irreg beat
73
Stinging nettle treatment
Atropine, antihistamine
74
Amaryllis
Lycorine Dogs and cats V/D, depression, hypersalivation, tremor, anorexia, electrolyte imbalance Good prog
75
Tulip and Narcissus bulbs
Dogs, cats, horses Tulipalin A and B Highest conc in bulb
76
Chrysanthemum
Dogs, cats, horses Sesquiterpene, lactones, pyrenthrins V/D, hypersalivation, incoordiantion, dermatitis
77
Ilex (American Holly)
Saponins Dog, cat, horses
78
Aloe
Dogs and cats Anthraquinones, anthracene glycosides Vomiting, urine color is red
79
Pokeweed
Oxalic acid, phytolaccatoxin Targets GIT: bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, hemolytic anemia, convulsions
80
Pokeweed lesions
Ulcerative gastritis, mucosal hemorrhage, congested discolored liver
81
Corn plant/ Dragon tree
Saponins Dogs and cats GIT: V/D, gastroenteritis, drooling, lethargy, dilated pupils
82
Monkshood
Aconite (shedding blood- weapon!) ↑ salivation, V/D, BP, heartbeat irreg., coma and death
83
Black walnut (Jugans nigra)
Juglons Horse Cs: laminitis and distal edema
84
Perilla Mint
Cattle and horses Pungent odor Perilla ketone Targets the lung Tx: antihist, steroids, abx
85
Perilla mint CS
Resp. distress, dyspnea, pulmonary emphysema and edema Pleural effusion
86
Eupatorium rugosum (White snakeroot)
Tremetol Livestock Causes milk sickness and death in early US settlers
87
White snakeroot CS
Depression, ataxia, tremors, seizures, coma and death CHF and hepatoxicity
88
Primary photosentizing plants
St. John's wort Buckwheat Spring parsley (cymoptesus) Duthman's breeches Trifolium Medicago
89
Primary photosentization
Ingested or through skin (makes skin cells more sensitive to sunlight) Signs: itching, redness, swelling, sloughing
90
St. Joh's Wort
Dogs, cats, horses Ulcerative and exudative dermatitis Used for antidepressants, anti inflamm, wounds, chronic fatigue, PMS, menopausal issues
91
St. John's Wort adverse
↑ BP, hallucinations, ↑body temp
92
Secondary photosentization
Most common Failure to excrete phylloerythrin from chlorophyll → absorbed and released light energy → phototoxic rx
93
Secondary photosentizing plants
Senecia, Lantana Agava Lechigeulla
94

1. Toxicology (14 decks)

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