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1. Toxicology > Mycotoxins > Flashcards

Mycotoxins Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Mycosis

A

Invasion in the organism by some part of the fungus

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2
Q

Mycotoxicosis

A

Mold growth is not directly involved in the host

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3
Q

Field Fungi

A

Fusarium, Pullaria, Alternaria
Grows under conditions prior to harvest
Die under usual storage conditions

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4
Q

Requirements for field fungi

A

Humidity over 80%
Moisture over 22%

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5
Q

Storage Fungi

A

Aspergillus, penicillin
Don’t invade intact grain prior to harvest
Humidity @ 70%, moisture 14-24%

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6
Q

Mycotoxins storage and transport

A

Dry samples: oven dry 176F-194F for 3 hrs
Reduce moisture to 12-23%
Long term: dry samples <12% and seal in moisture proof containers

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7
Q

Mycotoxin containers

A

Paper/ cloth bags
Avoid plastic bags

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8
Q

T/F: Mycotoxins have no specific treatment

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Mycotoxin prevention

A

Avoid contiaminated feed
Cleaning
Drying (13-25%)
Diluting with clean grain

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10
Q

Sources of alfatoxins

A

Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus
Corn, milo, cottonseed, peanuts

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11
Q

What enhances alfatoxin production

A

High humidity, grain moisture, drought stess
Fungal growth

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12
Q

Alfatoxin MOA

A

Inhibits and impairs protein synthesis
Interferes with transcription and fat metabolism

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13
Q

Hepatic Steatosis for alfatoxins

A

Due to lack of formation of lipid acceptor protein

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14
Q

What does hepatic steatosis lead to?

A

Decreased cellulose digestion
Reduced volatile fatty acid formation
Inhibition of proteolysis
Necrosis occurs

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15
Q

Alfatoxin B1

A

Most common and toxic
Forms covalent adducts with DNA,RNA and proteins

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16
Q

Alfatoxin M1

A

Carcinogenic potential
Milk, urine, tissues
Metabolite of B1

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17
Q

Alfatoxins species susceptibility

A

More severe in young
Poultry and monogastrics susceptible
Swine, dairy cattle, nutritionally deficient animals

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18
Q

Signs of alflatoxicosis (acute toxicosis)

A

Depression, anorexia, WL, malabsorption, bloody stools, ↓ milk production, subnormal temp.

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19
Q

Chronic alfatoxicosis in poultry

A

Pale bird syndrome, ↓ feed efficiency, stetarrhea, ↓ growth rate, ↑ capillary, bruising

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20
Q

Chronic alfatoxicosis in swine

A

Ascites, mild anemia, icterus, slow growth, anorexia, unthriftiness

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21
Q

Chronic alfatoxicosis in cattle

A

Reduced production and reduced rumen motility

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22
Q

Alfatoxicosis pathology

A

Liver is the major target organ
Degeneration and necrosis
Fatty change, bile duct proliferation

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23
Q

Testing and analysis of alfatoxins

A

Black light test
Thin layer chromatography
Gas-liquid chromo.
Mass Spectrometry

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24
Q

Alfatoxins black light test on corn

A

UV light gives a bright yellow fluorescence due to kojic acid marker
Fluorescence: broken or damaged grains

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25
Alfatoxins tissue analysis
Milk and urine: M1 detectable 7-15d Liver and kidney: excreted 72-96h and residue dissipates after 14d
26
Alfatoxin treatment
Hydrated sodium calcium alumino-silicate Vit. E and Selenium
27
Alfatoxin prevention
Anhydrous ammonia (treat grain 10-14d) Mold inhibitors
28
FDA guidelines for alfatoxins
Actionable level 0.5 ppb in milk (1%)
29
Zearalenone sources
Fusarium roseum and F. monilforme Corn, wheat, barely, milo
30
Zearalenone fungal growth
Pink ear rot, scab
31
Zearalenone MOA
Alters DNA and RNA synthesis Weak estrogenic effects Inhibits FSH and ovarian maturation
32
Zearalenone susceptibility
Swine (prepubertal females/ gilts)
33
Zearalenone in swine
Hyperestrogenism Swelling, edematous vulva, enlarged mammary gland, tenesmus, rectal/ vaginal prolapse
34
Zearalenone in mature cows
Nymphomania syndrome Prevents follicular development Pseudopregnancy/ anestrus syndrome
35
Lesions produced by Zearalenone
Edema or uterus, ovarian atrophy, follicular atresia, hypertrophy of uterus
36
Zearalenone Treatment
AC, prostaglandin F2 alpha
37
Slaframine
Indolizidine alkaloid in dried and sun-cured forages R. leguminicola causng black path disease
38
Slaframine MOA
Binding to AcH receptors Parasympathomimetic properties Mimics AcH
39
Slaframine species susceptibility
All, but horses commonly affected Cattle, sheep, goats susceptible
40
Slaframine toxicosis signs
Rapid within 1-3hr SLUD Bloat, stiffness, cessation of milk production
41
Ochratoxins and citrinin
From corn, barley, wheat, rye Renal tubule: ↓ metabolite clearance and urine concentration ability
42
What is the most common ochratoxin?
Ochratoxin A
43
Ochratoxins and citrinin subacute/ chronic signs
PUPD, immunosepression, teratagenic, carcinogensis
44
Ergotism
Invades the ovary of the grass flower during maturation and formation Rye, barely, wheat, oats
45
species most affected by erogotism
All, mostly cattle, sheep, swine and poultry
46
Ergotism MOA
Ergot alkaloids mimic the action of dopamine in CNS Targets uterus, small arteries (uterine contractions)
47
Ergot toxicosis
Lameness Swelling and tenderness of fetlock and pastern (loss of sensation) Dry gangrene Tip of tail/ ears necrotic and slough
48
Treatment of Ergot toxicosis
Domperidone (horses)
49
Fescue toxicosis
Ergot poisoning like Ergot alkaloids (ergovaline) produced by endophyte fungus Lolium arundinaceum/ Festuca arundinacea
50
Syndromes produced by fescue toxicosis
Fescue lameness, summer fescue toxicosis, fat necrosis
51
What causes Fescue foot/ lameness
Ergot alkaloids: ergovaline
52
Fescue lameness/ fescue foot
Lameness (hindlimbs), necrosis Swelling/ reddening Knuckling, arching back, shifting wt Happens in late fall/ winter
53
Summer Slump cause
Endophyte fungus: Neotyphoidium coenophialum
54
Summer Slump
Affects cattle >> sheep and horses
55
Signs of summer slump
Reductions: feed, milk production, weight ↓ immune response Delayed shedding, bleaching Reduced heat transfer
56
Fescue toxicosis: Fat necrosis (lipomatosis)
Hard masses of necrotic fat in abdomen and pelvic areas in cattle over 2 Sites: omentum, mentary and peritoneal fat
57
Fat necrosis toxic effects
Compression of abdomen, obstruct birth canal
58
Diagnosis of fat necrosis
rectal palpation, ultrasound, biopsy, laparotomy
59
Equine Fescue toxicosis
In mares Stillborns, retained placenta, ↑ placental weight and thickness, ↓ prolactin and progesterone
60
Equinr fescue toxicosis treatment
Domperidone (dopamine antagonist, normalize prolactin)
61
Fescue toxicosis management
Endophyte free grass Rotation (off fescue in hot summer) Dilution: interseeding with red or white clover
62
Tremorgenic grass staggers
Sheep and cattle Infected ryegrass- endophyte A. lolii Fine tremors, stiffness, ataxia, hypermetria, seizures
63
Tremorgenic pentitrema A
Indole alkaloids Walnuts, cream cheese, old moldy foods Reduces GABA and glycine
64
Tremorgenic pentitrema A signs
Tremors, stiffness, ataxia, seizures, opisthotonos
65
Tremorgenic pentitrema A treatment
Anticonvulsants: pentobarbitol Decontemination (emesis and lavage)
66
Trichothecenes
Milo, wheat, corn, rye, barely, cereal crops Occurs in late- harvested and over- wintered grain
67
Trichothecenes MOA
Inhibits protein, DNA and RNA synthesis in cells Cytotoxic to cells in vitro Dermonecrotic effect
68
What species is most sensitive to Trichothecenes?
Cats
69
Trichothecenes clinical signs
Dermal and oral irritation + necrosis Epithelial necrosis (mouth or beak) Hemorrhage, anemia, hypoproteinemia
70
Acute high levels of type A Trichothecenes
GIT ulceration, enteritis, ulceration of lymphoid follicle Small and misshaped feathers
71
Chronic exposure to type A Trichothecenes
Lymphoid depletion Small and misshaped feathers
72
Fumonisins (Moldy corn poisoning)
Caused Fusarium Verticilloides (F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum) White and yellow corn Potential carcinogen
73
Fumonisin moldy corn poisoning susceptibility
Most domestic animals Horses most sensitive Also in swine
74
Fumonisin moldy corn poisoning neurotoxicosis
Blindness, ataxia, circling, facial and pharyngeal paralysis, elevated liver enzymes, death
75
Equine leukoencephalomalcia
From moldy corn poisoning and fatal Softening and liquefaction of cerebral white matter, lesions, collapse of gray matter, hemorrhage
76
Fumonisin moldy corn poisoning in swine
Acute progressive respiratory disorder Acute pulmonary edema Hepatic lesions Focal pancreatic necrosis
77
Fumonisin moldy corn poisoning diagnosis
Serum sphinganine: sphingosine ratio ↑ liver values (cholesterol, AST, ALT, BR)
78
Phomopsins: Mycotoxic Lupinosis
Diaporthe toxia → lupine plants (moldy) Sheep primarily and cattle Summer and autumn
79
Phomopsins MOA
Phomopsins A & B Cytotix and antimitotic mycotoxins
80
Toxic effects of Phomopsins
Hepatotoxicosis, abortions, jaundice, death, photosensitization, lacrimation, etc.
81
Lupinosis fungus
Diaporthe toxia (Phomopsis leptostromiformis) Causes Phomopsis stem-blight Produces phomopsin mycotoxins
82
Toxic lupine (bitter) plants- Lupine poisoning
Arthrogyposis and birth defects
83
Pithomycotoxicosis: Facial Eczema
From Pithomyces chartarum Sporidesmins mycotoxins Causes toxic liver photodermatitis
84
Pithomycotoxicosis: species
Cattle, sheep, goat, farmed deer
85
Pithomycotoxicosis: MOA
Liver injury and blockage of bile ducts

1. Toxicology (14 decks)

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