Selected Toxins

Question 1

Acetaminophen toxicosis

Answer 1

Cats more susceptible than dogs due to limited ability to conjugate drugs as glucorindes

Question 2

CS of Acetaminophen toxicosis

Answer 2

Liver damage in dogs, icterus
Cyanosis, edema, lacrimation, pruritus, brown mm, tachycardia, etc.

Question 3

Dx of Acetaminophen toxicosis

Answer 3

Methemoglobinemia, heinz body formation, hemolytic anemia (cats)
Renal failure
Liver damage (dogs)

Question 4

Acetaminophen toxicosis hepatotoxicity

Answer 4

Elevated liver enzymes, BR
Dark chocolate blood, mottled liver
Centrilobular necrosis
Palpebral conjunctivitis

Question 5

Acetaminophen toxicosis treatment

Answer 5

Detox (emesis, charcoal)
N-acetylcysteine
Supplemental (O2, ascorbic acid, cimetidine)

Question 6

Aspirin MOA

Answer 6

Nonselective PG inhibitor
COX inhibition
Uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

Question 7

Aspirin CS

Answer 7

GIT: hemorrhage, vomit, diarrhea, ulcers
Anemia, renal and liver failure

Question 8

Aspirin target organs

Answer 8

GIT

Question 9

Aspirin treatment

Answer 9

Decontam, sucralfate

Question 10

Methyl xanthines sources

Answer 10

Coffee, tea, nonalcoholic drinks, choco, caffeine
Stimulant tablets, choco poisoning and coco bean mulch

Question 11

Methyl xanthines pharmacological effects

Answer 11

Release intracellular Ca → stimulates CNS, ↑ contractility of cardiac and skeletal muscles

Question 12

Chocolate poisoning

Answer 12

Chococlate residues in GIT, gastroenteritis, congested organs

Question 13

Chocolate may contain both _____________ and ____________

Answer 13

Caffeine and theobromine

Question 14

Theobromine content in chocolate

Answer 14

Most: cocoa powder and dark chocolate

Question 15

Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) MOA

Answer 15

Directly on CNS → hypocalcemia
Metabolic acidosis
Renal tubular blockage
Caclium oxalate crystals

Question 16

Ethylene glycol sources

Answer 16

Antifreeze mixtures → drinking water drained from car radiators

Question 17

Ethylene glycol species

Answer 17

All affected
Commonly in dogs and cats

Question 18

Ethylene glycol target organs

Answer 18

Kidney!!! - Ca oxalate crystals, anuria, uremia
GIT- dark brown gastric mucosa with hemorrhage

Question 19

Ethylene glycol diagnosis

Answer 19

Histopathology most useful

Question 20

Ethylene glycol treatment

Answer 20

Detox: gastric lavage, emesis, catharsis
Antidote: ethanol, 4-methyl pyrazole
Ca borogluconate for hypocalcemia

Question 21

Petrolium hydrocarbons mechanism of toxicosis

Answer 21

Direct irritation of mucous membranes
Pulmonary/ resp. infections
GIT effects: vomiting and bloat
Aspiration pneumonia

Question 22

Petrolium hydrocarbons target organs

Answer 22

Lungs: congested, foreign body pneumonia, fibrinous pleuritis, hydrothorax

Question 23

Dioxins major clinical effects

Answer 23

Chloracne (skin eruption)
Teratogenic/ carcinogenic
Immunodepression; thyrotoxic
Hepatic induction, adrenocortical failure
TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN (toxic)

Question 24

Fluoride mechanism of toxicosis

Answer 24

Replaces hydroxyapatite in crystalline structure of bone → delayed and altered mineralization

Question 25

Fluoride species

Answer 25

Cattle

Question 26

Fluoride target organs

Answer 26

Teeth and bones

Question 27

Fluoride CS

Answer 27

Weak teeth Excessive pitting and dental wear Teeth brown or black

Question 28

Xylitol sources

Answer 28

Sugar alcohol used in sweeteners/ sugar free products Gums, candy, baked goods

Question 29

Xylitol species

Answer 29

Dogs most affected

Question 30

Xylitol toxic effects

Answer 30

Severe hypoglycemia Hepatic necrosis

Question 31

Xylitol treatment

Answer 31

Decontaminate and dextrose

Question 32

Grapes/ raisins species

Answer 32

Dogs (idiopathic)

Question 33

Grapes/ raisins toxic effects

Answer 33

Acute kidney failure (foul breath, oliguria, anuria, , abdominal pain) Coma and death Tremors and seizures

Question 34

Grapes/ raisins lesions

Answer 34

Ulcers on oral mucosa

Question 35

Avocado toxic syndromes

Answer 35

Myocarditis, myocardial necrosis Cardiac insufficiency Mastitis Edema of lips and tongue

Question 36

Avocado target organs

Answer 36

GIT and CVS

Question 37

Raw dough bread toxic syndrome

Answer 37

Gastric distention Metabolic acidosis CNS depression Respiratory compromise

Question 38

Macadamia nuts toxic syndrome

Answer 38

Vomit, anorexia, weakness, hyperthermia, CNS depression