Female physiologic process & Reproductive disorders Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
adnexa
A
the fallopian tubes and ovaries
2
Q
amenorrhea
A
absence of menstrual flow
3
Q
cervix:
A
bottom (inferior) part of the uterus that is located in the vagina
4
Q
corpus luteum:
A
site within a follicle that changes after ovulation to produce progesterone
5
Q
cystocele:
A
displacement of the bladder downward into the vagina
6
Q
dysmenorrhea:
A
painful menstruation
7
Q
dyspareunia:
A
difficult or painful sexual intercourse
8
Q
endometrial ablation:
A
procedure performed through a hysteroscope in which the lining of the uterus is burned away or ablated to treat abnormal uterine bleeding
9
Q
endometrium:
A
mucous membrane lining of the uterus
10
Q
estrogens:
A
several hormones produced in the ovaries that develop and maintain the female reproductive system
11
Q
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
A
hormone released by the pituitary gland to stimulate estrogen production and ovulation
12
Q
fornix:
A
upper part of the vagina
13
Q
fundus:
A
the rounded upper portion of the uterus
14
Q
graafian follicle:
A
cystic structure that develops on the ovary as ovulation begins
15
Q
hymen:
A
tissue that covers the vaginal opening partially or completely before vaginal penetration
16
Q
hysteroscopy:
A
an endoscopic procedure performed using a long telescope like instrument inserted
17
Q
introitus:
A
perineal opening to the vagina
18
Q
luteal phase:
A
stage in the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium becomes thicker and more vascular
19
Q
luteinizing hormone (LH):
A
hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates progesterone production
20
Q
menarche:
A
beginning of menstrual function
21
Q
menopause:
A
permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity
22
Q
menstruation:
A
sloughing and discharge of the lining of the uterus if conception does not take place
23
Q
ovaries:
A
almond-shaped reproductive organs that produce eggs at ovulation and play a major role in hormone production
24
Q
ovulation:
A
discharge of a mature ovum from the ovary
25
perimenopause:
the period around menopause
26
progesterone:
hormone produced by the corpus luteum that prepares the uterus for receiving the fertilized ovum
27
proliferative phase:
stage in the menstrual cycle before ovulation when the endometrium increases
28
rectocele:
bulging of the rectum into the vagina
29
secretory phase:
stage of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium becomes thickened, becomes more vascular, and ovulation occurs
30
uterine prolapse:
the cervix and uterus descend into the lower vagina
31
abscess:
a collection of purulent material
32
Bartholin cyst:
a cyst in a paired Bartholin or vestibular gland in the vulva
33
brachytherapy:
delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants to a localized area of tissue
34
candidiasis:
infection caused by Candida species or yeast; also referred to as monilial vaginitis or yeast infection
35
condylomata:
warty growths indicative of the human papillomavirus
36
cryotherapy:
destruction of tissue by freezing (e.g., with liquid nitrogen)
37
cystocele:
displacement of the bladder downward into the vagina
38
douche:
rinsing the vaginal canal with fluid
39
dysplasia:
term related to abnormal cell changes; may be found on Pap smear and cervical biopsy reports
40
endocervicitis:
inflammation of the mucosa and the glands of the cervix
41
endometriosis:
endometrial tissue in abnormal locations; causes pain with menstruation, scarring, and possible infertility
42
enterocele:
a protrusion of the intestinal wall into the vagina
43
fibroid tumor:
usually benign tumor arising from the muscle tissue of the uterus
44
fistula:
abnormal opening between two organs or sites (e.g., vesicovaginal, between bladder and vagina; rectovaginal, between rectum and vagina)
45
hyphae:
long, branching filamentous structures characteristic of fungi such as Candida seen under microscopic examination
46
hysterectomy:
surgical removal of the uterus
47
loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP):
procedure in which a laser is used to remove a thin layer of cervical tissue after abnormal biopsy findings
48
myomectomy:
surgical removal of uterine fibroids
49
oophorectomy:
surgical removal of an ovary
50
pelvic exenteration:
major surgical procedure in which the pelvic organs are removed
51
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID):
inflammatory condition of the pelvic cavity, usually from a sexually transmitted infection
52
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS):
complex endocrine condition resulting in chronic anovulation, androgen excess, and multiple ovarian cysts
53
rectocele:
bulging of the rectum into the vagina
54
salpingitis:
inflammation of the fallopian tube
55
salpingo-oophorectomy:
removal of the ovary and its fallopian tube (removal of the fallopian tube alone is a salpingectomy)
56
vaginitis:
inflammation of the vagina, usually secondary to infection
57
vulvar dystrophy:
thickening or lesions of the vulva; usually causes itching and may require biopsy to exclude malignancy
58
vulvectomy:
removal of the tissue of the vulva
59
vulvitis:
inflammation of the vulva, usually secondary to infection or irritation
60
vulvodynia:
painful condition that affects the vulva
61
What are some signs and symptoms of vulvovaginal infections?
```
Allergies
Diabetes
Frequent douching
HIV infection
Intercourse with infected partner
Long-term or repeated use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
Low estrogen levels
Oral–genital contact (yeast can inhabit the mouth and intestinal tract)
Perimenopause/Menopause
Poor personal hygiene
Pregnancy
Premenarche
Synthetic clothing
Tight undergarments
Use of oral contraceptives
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62
What type of medication would you use to treat candidiasis (vaginal infection)
miconazole (Monistat) and clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin)
63
What type of medication would you use to treat Gardnerella-associated (bacterial vaginosis)
metronidazole (Flagyl)
64
What type of medication would you use to treat Trichomonas vaginalis (vaginitis)
oral metronidazole
65
What type of medication would you use to treat Bartholinitis (infection of greater vestibular gland)
Drain abscess, antibiotic therapy
66
What type of medication would you use to treat Cervicitis—acute and chronic
Eradocate gonococcal organism, if present: penicillin (as directed) or spectinomycin or tetracycline.
Tetracycline, doxycycline (Vibramycin) to eradicate chlamydia.
67
What type of medication would you use to treat Atrophic vaginitis
topical vaginal estrogen therapy
68
What is the most common STI in the United States?
HPV, Human Papillomavirus
69
What are the most common causes of endocervicitic and cervicitis
Chlamydia and gonorrhea
70
What medicine do you use to treat chlamydia?
doxycycline (Vibramycin) for 1 week or a single dose of azithromycin (Zithromax)
71
What are the organs and tissues involved in PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)?
Cervical, vaginal canal, cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus.
72
What is used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease?
broad-spectrum antibiotics. ceftriaxone (Rocephin), doxycycline, and metronidazole (Flagyl).
73
___% of new HIV infections in women are from heterosexual contact
84
74
What percentage of HIV patients are woman?
25%
75
What is a fistula
An abnormal opening between two hollow organs or between and internal hallow organ and the exterior of the body.
76
Cystocele
a downward displacement of the bladder toward the vaginal orifice from damage to the anterior vaginal support structures.
77
Rectocele
an upward pouching of the rectum that pushes the posterior wall of the vagina forward.
78
enterocele
is a protrusion of the intestinal wall into the vagina.
79
Bartholin cyst
from the obstruction of a duct in one of the paired Bartholin or vestibular mucus-secreting glands located in the posterior third of the vulva, near the vestibule.
80
What bacteria causes bartholin cysts?
Escherichia coli, or Staphylococcus aureus
81
How do you treat a barthlin cysts?
cyst is asymptomatic, treatment is unnecessary. Moist heat or sitz baths may promote drainage and resolution. If drainage is necessary a catheter (4-6 weeks) and cyst is drained.
82
What is Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
hormonal imbalance or cystic disorder that affects the ovaries. Hypothalamic–pituitary and ovarian network or axis, resulting in chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism.
83
What percentage of (childbearing age) woman have PCOS?
6-15%
84
Endrometriosis
benign lesion or lesions that contain endometrial tissue found in the pelvic cavity outside the uterus
85
What are some risk factors for cervical cancer?
```
Chronic cervical infection
Early childbearing
Exposure to diethylstilbestrol in utero
Exposure to human papillomavirus, types 16 and 18
Family history of cervical cancer
HIV infection and other causes of immune deficiency
Low socioeconomic status
Nutritional deficiencies
Overweight status
Prolonged use of oral contraceptives
Sexual activity:
Multiple sex partners
Early age (<20 years) at first coitus
Sexual contact with men whose partners have had cervical cancer
Sex with uncircumcised men
Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke
```
86
If hemorrhage and shock occur (after vaginal surgery), what interventions should take place?
include fluid replacement, blood component therapy, and vasopressor medications. Determine cause of hemorrhage!
