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Flashcards in Pain Management Deck (43)
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1
Q

acute pain:

A

recent onset of pain that abates as healing occurs; serves as a warning signal that something is wrong or needs attention

2
Q

addiction

A

a chronic neurologic and biologic disease characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving to use the opioid for effects other than pain relief

3
Q

adjuvant analgesic agent:

A

a drug that has a primary indication other than pain (e.g., anticonvulsant, antidepressant, sodium channel blocker, or muscle relaxant) but is an analgesic agent for some painful conditions; sometimes referred to as coanalgesic

4
Q

agonist–antagonist:

A

a type of opioid (e.g., nalbuphine [Nubain] and butorphanol [Stadol]) that binds to the kappa opioid receptor site acting as an agonist (capable of producing analgesia) and simultaneously to the mu opioid receptor site acting as an antagonist (reversing mu agonist effects)

5
Q

allodynia

A

pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain, such as touch; typically experienced in the skin around areas affected by nerve injury and commonly seen with many neuropathic pain syndromes

6
Q

antagonist

A

drug that competes with agonists for opioid receptor binding sites; can displace agonists, thereby inhibiting their action

7
Q

breakthrough pain

A

a transitory increase in pain that occurs on a background of otherwise controlled persistent pain

8
Q

ceiling effect

A

an analgesic dose above which further dose increments produce no change in effect

9
Q

central sensitization

A

a key central mechanism of neuropathic pain; the abnormal hyperexcitability of central neurons in the spinal cord, which results from complex changes induced by the incoming afferent barrages of nociceptors

10
Q

chronic or persistent pain

A

pain that may or may not be time limited but that persists beyond the usual course/time of tissue healing

11
Q

comfort–function goal

A

the pain rating identified by the individual patient above which the patient experiences interference with function and quality of life (e.g., activities the patient needs or wishes to perform)

12
Q

efficacy

A

the extent to which a drug or another treatment “works” and can produce the effect in question—analgesia in this context

13
Q

half-life

A

the time it takes for the plasma concentration (amount of drug in the body) to be reduced by 50% (after starting a drug, or increasing its dose, four to five half-lives are required to approach a steady-state level in the blood, irrespective of the dose, dosing interval, or route of administration; after four to five half-lives, a drug that has been discontinued generally is considered to be mostly eliminated from the body)

14
Q

hydrophilic

A

readily absorbed in aqueous solution

15
Q

intraspinal

A

“within the spine”; refers to the spaces or potential spaces surrounding the spinal cord into which medications can be given; synonymous with neuraxial

16
Q

lipophilic

A

readily absorbed in fatty tissues

17
Q

metabolite

A

the product of biochemical reactions during drug metabolism

18
Q

mu agonist

A

any opioid that binds to the mu opioid receptor subtype and produces analgesic effects (e.g., morphine); used interchangeably with the terms full agonist, pure agonist, and morphinelike drug

19
Q

neuraxial

A

of the central nervous system; synonymous with intraspinal

20
Q

neuropathic (pathophysiologic) pain

A

pain sustained by injury or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous systems and distinctly different from nociceptive (physiologic) pain

21
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the ability of the peripheral and central nervous systems to change both structure and function as a result of noxious stimuli

22
Q

nociceptive (physiologic) pain

A

pain that is sustained by ongoing activation of the sensory system that conducts the perception of noxious stimuli; implies the existence of damage to somatic or visceral tissues sufficient to activate the nociceptive system

23
Q

nociceptor

A

a type of primary afferent neuron that has the ability to respond to a noxious stimulus or to a stimulus that would be noxious if prolonged

24
Q

nonopioid

A

refers to analgesic agents that include acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); term is used instead of “nonnarcotic”

25
Q

NSAID

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (pronounced “en said”); also referred to as aspirinlike drugs. 3,000mg PO, 4,000mg IV max dose (2018)

26
Q

opioid

A

refers to codeine, morphine, and other natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic drugs that relieve pain by binding to multiple types of opioid receptors; term is preferred to “narcotic”

27
Q

opioid dose-sparing effect

A

occurs when a nonopioid or adjuvant is added to an opioid, allowing the opioid dose to be lowered without diminishing analgesic effects

28
Q

opioid-induced hyperalgesia

A

a phenomenon in which exposure to an opioid induces increased sensitivity, or a lowered threshold, to the neural activity conducting pain perception; it is the “flip side” of tolerance

29
Q

opioid naïve

A

denotes a person who has not recently taken enough opioid on a regular enough basis to become tolerant to the opioid’s effects

30
Q

opioid tolerant

A

denotes a person who has taken opioids long enough at doses high enough to develop tolerance to many of the opioid’s effects, including analgesia and sedation

31
Q

peripheral sensitization

A

a key peripheral mechanism of neuropathic pain that occurs when there are changes in the number and location of ion channels; in particular, sodium channels abnormally accumulate in injured nociceptors, producing a lower nerve depolarization threshold, ectopic discharges, and an increase in the response to stimuli

32
Q

physical dependence

A

the body’s normal response to administration of an opioid for 2 or more weeks; withdrawal symptoms may occur if an opioid is abruptly stopped or an antagonist is given

33
Q

placebo

A

any medication or procedure, including surgery, that produces an effect in a patient because of its implicit or explicit intent and not because of its specific physical or chemical properties

34
Q

preemptive analgesic agents

A

preinjury pain treatments (e.g., preoperative epidural analgesia and preincision local anesthetic infiltration) to prevent the establishment of peripheral and central sensitization of pain

35
Q

refractory

A

nonresponsive or resistant to therapeutic interventions such as analgesic agents

36
Q

self-report

A

the ability of an individual to give a report—in this case, of pain, especially intensity; the most essential component of pain assessment

37
Q

titration

A

upward or downward adjustment of the amount (dose) of an analgesic agent

38
Q

tolerance

A

a process characterized by decreasing effects of a drug at its previous dose, or the need for a higher dose of drug to maintain an effect

39
Q

withdrawal

A

result of abrupt cessation or rapid decrease in dose of a substance upon which one is physically dependent. It is not necessarily indicative of addiction

40
Q

example of local anesthetics

A

Lidocaine patch 5%

41
Q

examples of anticonvulsants

A

gabepentin (mood stabilizer), pregabalin (nonopioid analgesic)

42
Q

examples of antidepressants

A

TCAs: desipramine or nortriptyline (increase poswer of serotonin and dopamine)
SNRIs: duloxetine & venlafaxine (inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine)

43
Q

Narcan/noloxone

A

opioid analgesic