Fertilization

Question 1

Types of Fertilization

Answer 1

External
Internal

Question 2

gametes released and fertilized outside of the female body

Answer 2

External Fertilization

Question 3

sperm cells are deposited into the female reproductive tract

Answer 3

Internal Fertilization

Question 4

Example of External Fertilization

Answer 4

• Spawning (Fish)
• Amplexus (Amphibians)

Question 5

fertilized eggs float away in the current or sink to the bottom, where they lie with the substrate

milt + eggs → fertilization of eggs

Answer 5

Spawning in Fishes

Question 6

male clasps the female about the back.

Answer 6

Amplexus

Question 7

Examples of Internal Fertilization

Answer 7

• Courtship and sperm transfer (Reptiles)
• Avian Fertilization
• Whale fertilization
• Angler fish fertilization

Question 8

one of a pair of intromittent organs in male lizards and snakes
- found lateral to the cloaca

Answer 8

Hemipenis

Question 9

What helped hemipenis to anchor within female?

Answer 9

folds, papillae or spines in the surface

Question 10

a fertilization where the male on the female’s back & twisting his tail under the female’

Answer 10

Cloacal kiss

Question 11

Coutrship position in humpback wales

Answer 11

• a 3rd party props the female against mating male
• vertically face to face

Question 12

• development of an egg into new individuals without fertilization
• “virgin birth”

Answer 12

Parthenogenesis

Question 13

condition wherein an animal possess both male and female reproductive organs (self-fertilization); monoecious

Answer 13

Hermaphroditism

Question 14

Types of Hermaphroditism

Answer 14

• Sequential and Synchronous

Question 15

Types of Sequential Hermaphroditism

Answer 15

• Protogynous
• Protandrous

Question 16

a sequential hermaphroditism where female first, male later

Answer 16

Protogynous

Question 17

a sequential hermaphroditism where male first, female later

Answer 17

Protandrous

Question 18

parthenogenesis that gives rise to males

Answer 18

arrhenotoky

Question 19

parthenogenesis that gives rise to females

Answer 19

thelytoky

Question 20

parthenogenesis that gives rise to both sexe

Answer 20

amphitokyor deuterotoky

Question 21

two of the ova produced by a female in one meiosis fuse and then develop

Answer 21

automixis

Question 22

the pair switch off who acts as male / female

Answer 22

Synchronous hermaphroditism

Question 23

the process of yolk protein formation in oocytes, or female germ cells, during sexual maturation

Answer 23

Vitellogenesis

Question 24

Vitallogenesis pathway

Answer 24

Hypothalamus -> Gonadotropic Hormone -> Estorgen -> Liver -> Vitallogenin

Question 25

It is the opening in Avian Reproductive organ

Answer 25

Cloaca

Question 26

Storage of serm cells, no function in synthesis of the egg

Answer 26

Vagina

Question 27

Synthesis of the Shell

Answer 27

Uterus

Question 28

Synthesis of two shell membrane

Answer 28

Isthmus

Question 29

Synthesis and deposition of protein

Answer 29

Magnum

Question 30

Place for reception of the ovulated egg cell and for fertilization

Answer 30

Infundibulum

Question 31

Mammalian fertilation (Mouse) Spermatozoa must pervade the ___ ___ and the ___ ___ before reaching the ovum proper;

Answer 31

corona radiata zona pellucida

Question 32

Where is hydrolytic enzymes released from?

Answer 32

Acrosome

Question 33

the corona penetrating enzyme

Answer 33

Hyaluronidase

Question 34

a trypsin like protease which digests the zona pellucida

Answer 34

Acrosin

Question 35

maintains binding of the sperm (inner acrosomal membrane)

Answer 35

ZP2

Question 36

cross link the ZP 3 and ZP2

Answer 36

ZP1

Question 37

primary receptors: N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, & Zona Receptor Kinase

Answer 37

ZP3

Question 38

is triggered when the sperm meets the egg

Answer 38

Acrosomal reaction

Question 39

The fertilization envelope acts as the slow block to polyspermy

Answer 39

Cortical reaction

Question 40

cortical reaction is triggered by

Answer 40

change in Ca2+ concentration

Question 41

create osmotic gradient → water enters, swelling of space between plasma membrane and vitelline membrane

Answer 41

GAGs

Question 42

cleave protein link bet plasma membrane & vitelline membrane.

Answer 42

Proteases

Question 43

promotes hardening of zona pellucida & inactivation of the receptors

Answer 43

Peroxidase

Question 44

fusion of pronuclei - fusion of two different gamates to form zygotes

Answer 44

Amphimixis

Question 45

Process of amphimixis

Answer 45

1. Cortical reaction 2. Resumption of meiosis II and pronuclei formation 3. Approximation of pronuclei 4. Amphimixis

Question 46

Secretions in the mammalian female reproductive tract alter sperm motility and structure

Answer 46

capacitation

Question 47

In mammal fertilization the sperm travel through an outer layer of cells to reach the ___ ___

Answer 47

zona pellucida

Question 48

Sea urchin fertilization Direct contact with jelly coat → stimulates ____ ____ of sperm.

Answer 48

acrosome reaction

Question 49

is responsible for increased motility and activated respiration that occur when sperm contacts the jelly coat.

Answer 49

Speract

Question 50

What is released in acrosome reaction in sea urchin

Answer 50

soluble enzymes polymerization of g-actin to f-actin

Question 51

forms the basis of acrosomal process or filament in Arbacia (Sea urchin)

Answer 51

F-actin

Question 52

a protein that mediates sperm binding to the surface of the egg

Answer 52

Bindin

Question 53

an acrosomal enzyme that helps sperm digest their way through vitelline envelope

Answer 53

Lysins

Question 54

resulting bulge after a group of microvilli engulf the head of the sperm

Answer 54

Fertilization cone