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3 BIO109 - Dev Bio > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

changes in cellular biochemistry and function are preceded by a process resulting in the commitment of the cell to a certain fate

A

Levels of commitment

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2
Q

Stages of commitment

A
  • specification
  • Determination
  • Differentiation
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3
Q
  • cell is capable of differentiating autonomously when placed in neutral environment.
  • fate of the cell is specified early on but the cell fate is still reversible
A

Specification

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4
Q
  • cell differentiates autonomously even if placed in another region of the embryo
  • cell fate is irreversible or fixed
A

Determination

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5
Q

generation of specialized cell types

A

Differentiation

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6
Q

Strategies of specification

A
  1. Autonomous specification
  2. Conditional specification
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7
Q
  • blastomere inherits a set of transcription factors from the egg cytoplasm
  • regulate gene expression, directing the cell into a particular path of development
A

Autonomous specification

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8
Q

contain a yellow-pigmented cytoplasm that has within it the mRNA for a muscle-specific transcription factor

A

B4.1 blastomeres

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9
Q

blastomeres that acquire this region will give rise to muscle cells

A

Macho

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10
Q
  • ability of cells to achieve their respective fates by interacting with other cells
  • what a cell becomes is in large measure specified by paracrine factors secreted by its neighbors
A

Conditional specification

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11
Q
  • first testable model of cell specification
  • each cell of the embryo would develop autonomously
A

Germ plasm theory

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12
Q

Who proposed Germ Plasm Theory

A

August Weismann in 1888

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13
Q

what does germ plasm theory propose?

A

That egg and sperm provide equal chromosomal contributions to the new organism

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14
Q
  • each of the blastomeres from a 2-cell embryo - complete larva
  • each isolated blastomere regulated its development to produce a complete organism
A

Hans Driesch - isolation experiments

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15
Q

cytoplasm that contains many nuclei

A

Syncytium

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16
Q

specification of presumptive cells within such a syncytium

A

Syncytial specification

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17
Q

Syncytial specification signaling molecules in Drosophila

A
  • Bicoid and Caudal
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18
Q

produced by the anteriormost portion; concentration that is highest in the anterior and declines toward the posterior.

A

Bicoid

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19
Q

posteriormost portion of the egg forms a posterior-to-anterior gradient of this transcription factor

A

Caudal

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20
Q

The germ layer that gives rise to ectodoerm (skin and nerves)

A

Animal hemisphere blastomeres

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21
Q

The germ layer that gives rise to endoderm (cells of the gut and associated organs)

A

Vegetal hemisphere cells

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22
Q

from the internal cytoplasm around the equator

A

Mesodermal cells

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23
Q

imposed on the embryo by the vegetal cells

A

General fate map

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24
Q

Functions of vegetal cells

A
  1. Differentiate into endoderm
  2. Induce the cells immediately above them to become mesoderm
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25
transcription factor tethered to the vegetal cortex - involved in the "bottom-up" specification of the frog embryo
VegT
26
VegT is critical in generating
Both endodermal and mesodermal lineages
27
destroyed by antisense oligonucleotides, the entire embryo becomes epidermis, with no mesodermal or endodermal components.
VegT transcripts
28
transcription factor; activates genes that specify cells to be endoderm
Soxl7
29
instruct the cell layers above them to become mesoderm
Nodal paracrine factors
30
activate the eomesodermin and Brachyury (Xbra) genes
Smad2
31
Where is Nodal paracrine factors secreted?
From vegetal cells in the nascent endoderm
32
activate the zygotic genes for the VegT proteins, thus creating a positive feedforward loop that is critical in sustaining the mesoderm
Eomesodermin and Smad2 proteins
33
What happens to the cell when there is an absence of induction?
Becomes ectoderm
34
Key embryonic axes
1. Dorsal-ventral axis 2. Anterior-posterior axis 3. Left-right axis
35
a crucial region in the developing embryo that directs the formation of the dorsal structures
Spemann's Organizer
36
area helps establish the dorsal side of the embryo and contributes to the formation of Spemann's Organizer
Nieuwkoop center
37
This term emphasizes that different areas of the embryo have specific roles and fates during development. Each region is programmed to form distinct tissues and structures.
Regional specificity
38
The Animal(s) where anterior-posterior axis is developed in conjunction with the dorsal-ventral axis.
Xenopus and other amphibians
39
In the axes formation, the point where sperm enters the egg determines what?
β-catenin accumulation
40
WHen the region is marked by β-catenin, this regions becomes the
Dorsal region of the embryo
41
Functions of β-catenin
Initiate the movement of the involuting mesoderm
42
movement of mesoderm will establish the
Anterior-posterior axis of the embryo
43
- process, whereby CNS forms through interactions with the underlying mesoderm - one of the principal ways that the vertebrate body becomes organized
Primary embryonic induction
44
- coined the region "organizer" - experiment that proves early newt blastomeres have identical nuclei
Hans Spermann and Hilde Mangold
45
Why is the two experiment in blastomeres give diff results
Egg was divided perpendicularly to the first cleavage line. some cytoplasmic susbtance was not equally distributed into two halves
46
showed that the gray crescent region gives rise to those cells that form the dorsal lip of the blastopore
Fate maps
47
are committed to invaginate into the blastula, initiating gastrulation and the formation of the head endomesoderm and notochord
Dorsal lip cells
48
the importance of the gray crescent material lies in its ability to initiate gastrulation, and that crucial changes in cell potency occur during gastrulation
Spemann
49
key induction —in which the progeny of dorsal lip cells induce the dorsal axis and the neural tube
Primary embryonic induction
50
dorsalmost vegetal cells of the blastula, which are capable of inducing the organizer
Nieuwkoop center
51
It can act as an anchor for cell membrane cadherins or as a nuclear transcription factor
p-Catenin
52
- The Primary Organizer - Self- differentiating tissue
DLBlastopore
53
promotes the formation of cement gland, eyes, & nasal placode.
CERBERUS
54
What does Cerberus inhibits
Nodal, Wnt & BMP4
55
ventral mesoderm inducers; antagonistic to cerberus
BMP4 and Wnt
56
necessary but insufficient for induction of trunk and posterior region
FGF
57
induced complete axial duplication and ectopic axis contain notochord, somite and CNS.
Siamois & Twin proteins
58
Factors associated with axial development
1. Maternal location 2. Nieuwkoop center 3. Spemann organizer
59
- defined by the dense area of cells (Posterior Marginal Zone) - established the other body axes of the embryo. - where the Primitive Streak will develop
Antero-Posterior Axis in chick
60
Anterior-posterior axis specification in chick embryo
The Radia Blastoderm -> bilaterially symmetric embryo via influence of gravity
61
What happens during ovum rotation in the oviduct in axis specification in chick?
Rotates through shell gland
62
How does the rotation of ovum affect the yolk in chick?
- Shifts it with ligher component in one side of blastoderm
63
cell fate is determined after 32-cell stage depending on the position in mouse
Blastocyst
64
(in mouse) The blastocyst cell fate depends on the position of:
- inner cell mass - Trophectoderm
65
In mouse the ___ begin to form the primitive streak at the posterior pole
Epiblast, 6.5 days after fertilization

3 BIO109 - Dev Bio (11 decks)

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